Issued  January  8,  1908. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY.— Bulletin  tOI. 

A.  O.  MELVIN,  Chtef  ok  Bureau. 


^■iiE  AVAILABLE   ENERGY  OF 
i  RED  CLOVER  HAY. 


INVESTIGATIONS  WITH  THE  RESPIRATION  CALORIMETER 


IN   COOPERATION   WITH 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA  STATE  COLLEGE  AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


BY 


[■      HENRY  PRENTISS  ARMSBY  AND  J.  AUGUST  FRIES. 


RAiBsanr  junior  higi 


WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1908. 


.MINN E AP0L5S,  M INN E'iOT.A 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Arciiive 

in  2007  witii  funding  from 

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littp://www.arcliive.org/details/availableenergyoOOarmsiala 


Issued  January  8,  1908. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY.— Bullktin  101. 

A.  1).  MKLVIN,  Chikf  of  Hureau. 


THE  AVAILABLE   ENERGY  OF 
RED  CLOVER  HAY. 

INVESTIGATIONS  WITH   THE   RESPIRATION  CALORIMETER 

IN    COOPERATION    WITH 

THE  PENNSYLVANIA  STATE  COLLEGE  AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


BY 


HENRY  PRENTISS  ARMSBY  AND  J.  AUGUST  FRIES. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1908. 


THE  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Chief:  A.  D.  Melvin. 

AMtistant  Chief:  A.  M.  Farrinoton. 

Chief  Clerk:  E.  B.  Jones. 

Biochemic  Division:  M.  Dorset,  chief;  James  A.  Emery;  asBistant  rhiof. 

Dairy  Dingion:  Ed.  H.  Webster,  chief;  C.  B.  Lane,  assistant  chief. 

Inspection  Division:  Rice  P.  Steddom,  chief;  Morris  Wooden,  R.  A.  Ramsay, 
and  Albert  E.  Behnke,  associate  chiefs. 

Pathological  Division:  John  R.  Mouler,  chief;  Henry  J.  Washburn,  assistant 
chief. 

Quarantine  Division:  Richard  W.  Hickman,  chief. 

Division  of  Zoology:  B.  H.  Ransom,  chief. 

Experiment  Station:    K.  C.  Schroeder,  superintendent;    W.  E.  C<»tto.\,  assistant. 

Animal  Husbandman:  George  M.  Rommel. 

Editor:  J.vmes  M.  Pickens. 

Librarian:  Beatrice  Oberly  Rogers. 

AKIMAL  HnSBAin>RT  OFFICE. 

Animal  Husbandman:  George  M.  Romiiiel. 

Assistant  Animal  Husbandvum:  (i.  .Vrthur  Bell. 

Animal  breeding  investigations:  .\nimal  hushandnuin  in  charge;  Y^.  H.  Rih  y, 
a.s?istant. 

Animal  nutrition  investigations:  H.  P.  Armsby,  expert  in  charge;  J.  August  Fries, 
W.  W.  Braman,  and  F.  W.  Christensen,  assistants. 

Beef  production  investigations:  Animal  husbandman  in  charge;  Dan  T.  Gray,  expert 
in  charge  of  Alabama  work;   Frank  G.  King,  assii<tant  in  Missouri  work. 

Hog  investigations:  Assistant  animal  husbandman  in  charge;  L.  R.  Davies,  assistant. 

Horse  breeding  investigations:  Animal  husbandman  in  charge;  W.  L.  Carlyle,  expert 
in  cnarge  of  Colorado  work;  W.  F.  Hammond,  expert  superintendent,  Morgan  horst* 
farm,  Middlebury,  Vt. 

Milking  Shorthorn  cattle  investigcUions:  Animal  husbandman  in  charge;  D.  A. 
Gaumnitz,  expert  assistant  in  Minnesota  work. 

Poultry  investigations:  Rob  R.  Slocum  in  charge;  Gilbert  M.  Gowell,  expert  in 
charge  of  Maine  work. 

Sheep  and  goat  investigations:  Edward  L.  Shaw  in  charge;  T.  F.  McConnell,  expert 
in  charg*'  of  Wyf»ming  sheep-breeding  work. 

Supervision  oj  pedigree  record  associations:  Animal  husbandman  in  charge;  Roy  A. 
Cave,  assistant.  ' 

2 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 

Washiiigton,  D.  6'.,  August  30,  1907. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  and  to  recommend 
for  publication  as  Bulletin  101  of  this  Bureau  a  manuscript  entitled 
"  The  Available  Energy  of  Red  Clover  Hay,"  by  Dr.  H.  P.  Arnisby, 
and  J.  August  Fries.  This  paper  reports  further  experiments 
conducted  with  the  respiration  calorimeter  by  the  Pennsylvania 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  in  cooperation  with  this  Bureau. 
Similar  experiments  in  connection  with  timothy  hay,  red  clover 
hay,  and  nuiize  meal  have  previously  been  reported  in  Bulletins  51 
and  74  of  this  Bureau. 

Respectfully,  A.  D.  Melvin, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 
Hon.  James  A\'ilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

3 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Statk  Colle(jk,  Pa.,  July  /,  1907. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a  report  upon  the  third 
series  of  cooi)erative  experiments  with   the  respiration  calorimeter 
at  the  Pennsylvania  State  CoIle<;e. 

As  in  previous  exj)eriments,  the  details  of  the  work  have  been  in 
chai-jn*  of  Mr.  J.  August  Fries,  assistant  in  animal  nutrition.  Mi'. 
Fries  has  lx»en  a.ssisted  by  Me«ssi*s,  W.  W.  Hraman,  A.  K.  Kisser, 
T.  M.  Car|x»nter,  R.  E.  Staliinpfs,  J.  B.  Robb.  and  John  Fo.ster,  while 
the  necessary  chemical  work  was  carried  out  by  tiie  clu'mical  division 
of  the  ex|Xiriment  .station  under  the  general  direction  of  Dr.  William 
Frear. 

Very  res|)ect fully,  Hknrv   Prkntiss  Armshv, 

Kxpi'i't  in  Animal  Xutrition. 
Dr.  A.  1).  Mei.vin, 

Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Aninml  Imliif^tn/. 
4 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction 7 

Description  of  experiments 7 

Analytical  methods 7 

The  feeds 8 

Periods  and  rations 8 

Live  weights 9 

Determinations  of  digestibility 10 

Weighing  and  sampling  of  feed 10 

Treatment  of  samples 10 

Hours  of  feeding 10 

Collection  and  sampling  of  excreta 10 

Digestibility  of  rations 11 

The  urinary  excretion ,.  13 

Growth  of  epidermal  tissue 14 

Determinations  of  respiratory  products 14 

Check  tests 15 

Results  upon  the  animal 16 

Determinations  of  heat 19 

Rate  of  heat  emission 20 

Heat  emission  and  heat  production 23 

The  balance  of  matter 27 

The  nitrogen  and  carbon  balance 27 

Gain  of  protein  and  fat 28 

The  balance  of  energy .^ 28 

Discussion  of  results 30 

Digestibility 30 

Metabolizable  energy 31 

Influence  of  temperature  on  heat  production 32 

Net  available  energy 34 

Corrections  for  standing  and  lying 37 

Heat  requirement  of  the  animal 41 

Maintenance  requirement  of  the  animal 43 

Distribution  of  energy ' _ 45 

Appendix 47 

5 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PagB. 

DiACfRAM  1.  Live  weights  of  animal 9 

2.  Availahility  of  energy 35 

3.  Avfrage  results  of  (•arlx)n  and  nitrogen  and  enei^y  l>alanc(>8 36 

4.  Average  results  from  energy  balances 39 

6 


THE  AVAILABLE  ENERGY  OF  RED  CLOVER  HAY. 


INTRODTJCTION. 

The  experiments  reported  in  Bulletin  74  of  tnis  Bureau  upon 
"Energy  values  of  red  clover  hay  and  maize  meal"  gave  somewhat 
questionable  results  for  the  net  available  energy  of  red  clover  hay. 
From  a  comparison  of  the  first  and  second  periods  of  that  experiment 
an  availability  of  36.42  per  cent  was  computed,  but  it  was  pointed 
out  in  reporting  this  result  that  the  figures  were  comparatively  low 
and  must  be  accepted  with  considerable  reserve.  The  experiment 
here  reported,  which  was  carried  out  during  the  winter  of  1903-4, 
is  a  repetition  of  that  portion  of  the  previous  experiment  relating  to 
clover  hay,  but  upon  a  more  extended  scale,  and  shows  that  the  doubt 
expressed  as  to  the  accuracy  of  the  earlier  figure  for  availability  was 
apparently  fully  justified. 

The  general  plan  of  the  experiment  was  to  feed  the  animal  three 
different  amounts  of  red  clover  hay,  all  less  than  the  maintenance 
requirement,  and  to  investigate  the  metabolism  of  the  animal 
upon  each  ration  at  two  different  temperatures.  Unfortunately,  as 
appears  in  the  following  pages,  the  range  of  temperature  within 
which  the  respiration  calorimeter  could  be  used  was  so  limited  that 
the  experiments  failed  to  afford  any  decisive  results  regarding  the 
influence  of  temperature  upon  metabolism. 

The  animal  used  was  the  same  grade  Shorthorn  steer  which  served 
in  the  experiments  of  1901-2  and  1902-3.  At  the  time  of  these  ex- 
periments he  was  approximately  5  years  old. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  EXPERIMENTS. 
ANALYTICAL    METHODS. 

The  methods  employed  for  the  analysis  of  the  feed  and  the  excreta 
were  substantially  those  recommended  by  the  Association  of  Official 
Agricultural  Chemists.  The  nitrogen  of  the  feces  was  determined 
in  the  fresh  material  by  Konig's  method  and  the  nitrogen  of  the  urine 
by  direct  oxidation  by  the  Kjeldahl  method.  In  the  computation 
of  proteids  from  proteid  nitrogen  the  conventional  factor  G.25  was 
used  both  for  the  clover  hay  and  for  the  feces.  The  nonproteids 
were  computed  from  the  nonproteid  nitrogen  by  nuiltiplication  by 

7 


8  TMK    .WAILABLE    KNEROY    OK    RED    I'LOVER    HAY. 

4.7.  the  factor  for  as|>ara«;in.  Carbon  and  hydrogen  were  determined 
by  combustion  witli  cupric  oxide  in  a  current  of  air  followed  by  oxy- 
tjen.  The  heats  of  combustion  of  the  feed  and  excreta  were  deter 
mined  by  means  of  the  Atwater-Hempel  bomb  calorimeter. 

• 

THK    FEEDS. 

The  hay  used  was  red  clover  hay  grown  on  the  college  farm  in  the 
summer  of  1003.  It  was  secured  without  rain  and  retained  most  of 
the  leaves  on  the  stems.  On  November  30  about  a  ton  of  this  hay 
wa.s  nin  through  a  feed  cutter  and  cut  to  lengths  of  about  7  to  10 
centimeters.  From  the  mass  of  cut  hay  t>vo  separate  samples  were 
taken  by  the  same  method  as  in  previous  experiments."  During  the 
progress  of  the  experiments  a  sample  of  hay  was  also  taken  at  the  time 
of  weighing  out  for  each  period,  as  described  in  subsequent  pages, 
or  three  samples  in  all.  The  folhnnni;  table  shows  the  composition 
of  the  dry  matter  of  the  several  sain])les,  the  generally  close  agree- 
ment of  the  results  indicating  that  the  method  of  sampling  was 
sufficiently  accurate: 

Table  1. — Composition  of  clover  hay  {dry  matter). 


Constituents  and  energ>-. 

General  samplea. 

Sampler 

taken    during    experi- 
ments. 

A»h 

A^ 

Per  cent. 

6.67 
11.69 

0.78 
28.78 
49.25 

2.93 

100.00 

B.         i 
Percent,   i 

Average. 
Percent. 

Period  I. 

Per  cent. 

6.92 
12.11 

1.35 
28.45 
47.83 

3.33 

Period  II. 

Per  cent. 

7.11 
11.82 

l.(>3 
28.02 
47.06 

3.44 

Period  III 

Per  cent. 
6.M 

Proteid!» 

10.66 
0.99      , 

11.18 
0.89 

11.84 

1.45 

Cni'ip  Hlier 

28.83 

.Sltrogen-fri'e  extract 

47.  ti'J 

Ether  extnict 

1 

3.35 

• 

1 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

Tola  1  ra  rlM>n 

46.43 
2.039 
1.872 

Caiorirs. 

i.  4!>;o 

46.04 
2.042 
1.818 

Calories. 

4.  4WK-. 

46.24 
2.041 

1.K45 

Calories. 
4.  4919 

46.57 
2.223 
1.935 

Calories. 

4  490.) 

'        4&24 
2.238 
1.890 

Calories. 

4.  4N88 

46.17 

Total  nitrogen 

Proteid  nitroffen 

Heat     of     conibustion.     per 
grani 

2.205 
1.N95 

Calories. 

4.478 

PEIUODS    AM)    RATIONS. 

On  November  4,  1903,  the  steer  was  placed  in  a  stall  in  the  station 
barn  and  fed  0.35  kilograms  of  mixed  clover  and  timothy  hay  with  a 
little  grain  until  December  2,  1903.  when  tlif  grain  ration  was  with- 
drawn. On  December  26  the  feeding  of  the  ration  used  for  the  first 
peri<Ml  of  the  experiuient  wa.s  begun,  and  on  January  2  the  animal  wa.s 
transferred  to  a  stall  in  the  calorimeter  building.  The  hay  was  given 
in  e(jual  amounts  at  about  0  j).  m.  and  (>  a.  m.  Each  j)eriod  covered 
twenty-one  days,  of  which  the  first  eleven  were  regarded  as  a    pre- 

"  Itullt-tin  51,  I{ur<-iiu  of  Aniiiiul  InduMry,  |>.  10. 


PEEIODS    AND    RATIONS. 


9 


liminary  period  and  the  last  ten  as  constituting  the  digestion  period 
proper.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  all  the  rations  were  less  than  the 
maintenance  requirement,  intervals  of  seven  days  were  interposed 
between  the  successive  periods,  during  which  the  animal  was  removed 
to  the  station  barn  and  fed  a  ration  of  14  pounds  of  hay  and  10  pounds 
of  grain  daily.  The  table  shows  the  exact  dates  of  the  several  periods 
and  the  rations  fed. 

Table  2. — Dates  and  rations. 


Period. 


Interval. 


Preliminary  period. 


Digestion  period. 


Hay  fed 
per  diem. 


I... 
II.. 
Ill 


December  26  to  January  1 . . 
January  23  to  January  29. . . 
February  20  to  February  26. 


January  2  to  12 i  January  13  to  22 

January  30  to  February  9. . . !  February  10  to  19. . . 
February  27  to  March  8  .... !  March  9  to  18 


Kilograms. 
3.4 
5.9 
4.8 


The  animal  was  watered  daily  at  about  1  p.  m.,  with  the  exception 
of  the  days  when  he  was  in  the  calorimeter  and  the  day  before  and 
after,  when  water  was  given  immediately  before  the  morning  feeding. 


Diagram  1.— Live  weights  of  animal. 


LIVE    WEIGHTS. 

The  animal  was  weighed  daily  at  1  p.  m.,  immediately  before  water- 
ing and  also  immediately  after,  the  difference  being  taken  as  repre- 
senting the  amount  of  water  consumed.  On  the  days  when  the  ani- 
mal was  in  the  calorimeter  the  weight  was  taken  immediately  before 
entering  and  immediately  after  leaving  the  apparatus.  The  figures 
for  live  weight  and  amount  of  water  consumed  are  given  in  Table  I  of 
the  Appendix  in  connection  with  the  weights  of  the  excreta,  and  the 
live  weights  are  shown  graphically  on  Diagram  1. 
12237— Bull.  101—07 2 


10  TUE   AVAILABLE    EXERGY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 

DETERMINATIONS    OF   DIGESTIBILITY. 
WEIUHIMi    AND   SAMPUNK    OP   PKED. 

The  hay  for  each  period  was  weighed  out  in  advance  in  cloth  bags, 
a  day's  ration  in  a  hag.  In  fiUing  the  bags  the  mass  of  hay  was  worked 
into  from  the  side,  taking  all  the  material  do>^Ti  to  the  floor.  While 
the  bags  were  being  filled,  two  or  three  portions  of  the  hay  were  taken 
fronj  each  bag  and  set  aside  in  a  covered  vessel.  Immediately  after 
the  weighing  this  was  rapidly  chopped  in  a  meat  chopper,  thoroughly 
mixed,  and  a  sample  of  1, ()()()  to  1,500  grams  was  taken  to  the  labora- 
tory in  a  covered  vessel  for  determination  of  dry  matter  and  of  the 
composition  of  the  latter,  with  the  results  shown  in  Table  1. 

TRKATMEXT    OP    SAMPLES. 

The  samples  when  received  at  the  laboratory  were  immediately 
weighed,  air-dried  at  a  temperature  of  about  60°  C,  allowed  to  hang 
at  ordinary  temperature  in  heavy  paper  bags  for  several  days,  and 
then  ground  in  a  mill  as  rapidly  as  practicable,  and  preserved  in 
sealed  bottles.  The  analyses  were  made  as  promptly  as  practicable, 
although  not  in  all  cases  immediately. 

HOURS   OF   FEEDING. 

As  a  matter  of  convenience  in  arranging  for  the  work  with  the  res- 
piration calorimeter,  the  hour  of  6  p.  m.  was  taken  as  the  beginning 
of  the  day.  Approximately  one-half  of  the  hay  was  given  at  this 
time  and  the  remainder  twelve  hours  later. 

COLLECTION    AND    SAMPLING    OF    EXCRETA. 

The  animal  was  provided  with  the  rubber  duct  described  and  illus- 
trated in  a  previous  publication"  for  the  collection  of  the  feces  and 
with  the  ordinary  urine  funnel.  These  were  worn  both  during  the 
preliminary  days  and  during  the  digestion  period  proper,  but  not  dur- 
ing the  intervals  l)etwe*n  the  periods.  The  apparatus  served  its  pur- 
pose excellently,  loss  of  excreta  occurring  in  but  few  instances. 

During  the  digestion  period  the  excreta  were  weighed  promptly  at 
the  end  of  each  twenty-four  hours,  and  a  sample  was  drawn  after 
thorough  mixing  and  taken  at  once  to  the  laboratory  for  treatment. 
Tliero  a  uniform  percentage  of  the  total  ex(Tetion  was  set  aside  for  a 
••omp<»site  sample,  chloroform  being  used  as  a  preservative.  At  (he 
clfjsc  of  the  peril »d  these  composite  samples  were  thoroughly  mixed. 
In  the  feces  the  total  nitrogen  in  the  fresh  substance  was  determined 
l>y  the  Konig  method,  while  a  portion  of  the  composite  sample  was 
also  Hir-<lried  at  about  <i()'^  ('.  and  the  air-dry  sample  subjected  to  the 
iisiml  method  of  analysis,  including  the  determination  of  its  heat  of 
combustion  and  of  carbon  and  hydrogen.     In  the  mixed  sample  of 

•'  I'cnn-vlviitiia  Kxpfririunt  Station  Rulletin  42.  p.  74. 


DETERMINATIONS    OF    DIGESTIBILITY. 


11 


urine  the  total  nitrogen,  total  carbon,  hydrogen  in  organic  combina- 
tion, and  heat  of  combustion  were  determined. 

DIGESTIBILITY    OF    RATIONS. 

Period  I  (January  13-22,  1904). 

The  live  weights  of  the  animal  and  the  weights  of  excreta  are 
shown  in  Table  I  of  the  Appendix.  The  following  table  shows  for 
the  digestion  period  proper,  the  weight  of  hay  fed,  of  hay  eaten,  and 
of  the  portions  remaining  uneaten;  the  weight  of  excreta  collected, 
of  the  portions  spilled,  and  of  the  total  excretion;  and  the  cor- 
responding weights  and  percentages  of  dry  matter  found. 

Table  3.— Feed  and  excreta — Period  I. 


Feed  and  excreta. 


Hay: 

Total  in  10  days 

Uneaten  January  21". 
Uneaten  January  22 . . 


Total  uneaten . 


Eaten 

Eaten  per  day . 


Feces: 

Collected  in  10  days 

Spilled  in  calorimeter  January  14. 

Adhering  to  duct  January  14 

Spilled  in  stall  January  16 

Spilled  in  calorimeter  January  22. 
Spilled  in  stall  January  22 


Total  excretion. 
Daily  excretion. . . 


Fresh 
weight. 

Dry  matter. 

Crrams. 

34.000.0 
63.0 
15.9 

Per  cent. 
86.32 
3.33 
83.  &5 

Grams. 
29.348.8 
2.1 
13.3 

78.9 

15.4 

33,921.1 
3,392.1 

29,333.4 
2,933.3 

54,937.0 

109.1 

18.0 

1.2 

25.1 

36.6 

11,256.6 

29.36 

34.0 
6.1 

1.1 

41.52 
28.44 

10.4 
10.4 

55,127.0 
5,512.7 

11,318.6 

1.131.8 

a  Including  water  spilled  in  feed  box. 

The  composition  of  the  dry  matter  of  the  feeding  stuffs  has  already 
been  stated  in  Table  1,  and  that  of  the  dry  matter  of  the  feces  is 
shown  in  Table  II  of  the  Appendix. 

Basing  the  computation  upon   the  above  average  weights,   the 

digestibility  of  the  hay,  as  shown  in  Table  III  of  the  Appendix,  was 

as  follows : 

Table  4. — Digestibility  of  ration — Period  I. 


Constituents  and  energy. 


Dry  matter 

Ash 

Oi;ganic  matter 

Proteids 

Nonprotoids  « 

Crude  filxir 

Nitrogen-fnx!  extract 

Ether  extract 

Nitrogen 

Carbon 

Energy 


Total 
digested. 


Digesti- 
bility. 


Grams.     1 
1,801.4 

89.4    I 
1.712.0 
193.8 
39.6 
462. 2    : 
954. 8 
60.8 
39.36 
819. 07 
Calories 
7,767.36 


er  cent. 
61.41 
44.04 
62.70 
.54.56 
100.00 
.5.5.37 
6a  a5 
62. 24  - 
60.36 
59.96 

58.97 


<•  Assumed  to  be  wholly  digestible. 

t>  The  calorie  referred  to  in  this  bulletin  is  the  large  calorie  (kilogram-calorie;  often  written  with  a 
capital  C).  A  calorie  is  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  1  kilogram  (2.2 
poxinds)  of  water  1  degree  centigrade,  or  about  4  pounds  of  water  1  degree  Fahrenheit. 


V2  THE   AVAILABLE    ENERGY    OF    BED   CLOVER   HAY. 

Period  II  { February  10-19,  1904). 

The  following  tables,  corresponding  to  those  for  Period  I,  sum- 
niari/x>  tlie  wciglits  of  food  and  excreta  and  the  percentage  digesti- 
biUty  »)f  the  hay.  wliich  are  contained  in  detail  in  Tables  II  and  III 
of  the  ApjH'ndix. 

Table  5.  —Feed  and  excreta — Period  II. 


Feed  and  excreta. 


Freah 
iraight. 


llajr:                                                                                                        '  <7rom«. 

ToUl  In  10  days '  SV.OOO.  0 

Uneaten  Kohniary  I"  « 580. 0 

Uwwteii  February  18 27.0 

Uneaten  February  19 i  23.2 

Eatfln ;  58,360.8 

Eat«n  per  day ^  5, 83ft.  0 

Fet*»:  j 

Total  in  10  days '  97, 807. 0 

SplUed  in  calorimeter  February  12 142. 4 

SpiUed  in  stall  Febrtiary  13 51. 6 

C<>Ueeted  in  calorimeter  February  19 5«.2 

Spilled  in  stall  February  19 4.7 

ToUl  excretion 98,061. 9 

Dally  excretion 9, 806. 19 


Dry  matter. 


19.75 
24.09 
38.57 
«.34 
27.06 


50,253.3 
5.025.33 


19.316.88 

34.3 

19.9 

28.46 

1.3 


19,400.84 
1,940.1 


a  Including  water  spilled  In  feed  box. 
Table  <>.   -IHgeatihUity  of  ration— Period  II. 


Coastltuents  and  energy. 


Dr>-  matter. 
.\»h 


Organic  matter. 
I'roteiils 


Total 
digeated. 


OramB. 

3.085.2 
14&2 

2.939.0 
.121.2 

.Nonprotelds  « 81.9 

Cnwe  (Ifier I      788.  2 

Nit rogi'n  free  extraot i  1.  fiStt.  9 

Ethi-r  extract i      110.  8 

Total  nitrogen 09. 02 

ToUl  cart>on '  1 .  391. 9 

Calorie: 
Energy 13, 425. 7 


Digestl- 
bflltv. 


Per  cent. 
61.39 
40.92 
62.96 
.M.08 
100.00 
.W.  97 
t>7.90 
M.08 
«t.37 
.59.89 

fA.  .M 


a  Asauniod  to  be  entirely  digestible. 


THE    UBINARY    EXCRETION. 


13 


Period  III  (February  27  to  March  18). 

In  this  period  the  final  results  were  as  follows : 

Table  7. — Feed  and  excreta — Period  III. 


Feed  and  excreta. 


Fresh 
weight. 


Residue  March  17 29.  4 

Residue  March  17 ; 

Residue  at  end  of  period 

Eaten 47, 746. 1 

Eaten  per  day 4, 774. 6 


Feces: 

Total i    75, 693. 0 

Spilled  March  11 37. 0 

SpiUed  March  18 20. 6 

Adhering  to  duct 


Total  excretion 75, 750. 6 

Daily  excretion 7, 575. 06 


Dry  matter. 


Hay:  Orams.        Per  cent. 

Total  in  10  days ,    48,000.0  '  86.48 

Residue  March  9 '  28.0  8a  .57 

Residue  March  9 '  138.5  1  28.51 

Residue  March  10 '  .5.8  |  87.93 

Residue  March  16 


91.83 


21.38 
61.62 
61.16 


Orams. 

41.510.4 

24.8 

39.6 

.■).  1 

8.1 

27.0 

4.2 

10.2 


41,391.4 
4, 139. 14 


16. 183. 16 
22.80 
12.60 
.53.00 


16,271.56 
1,627.16 


Table  8. — Digestibility  of  ration — Period  III. 


Constituents  and  energy. 


Dry  matter. 
Ash 


Organic  matter. 
Proteids 


Nonproteids  " 60. 0 

Crude  fiber 642. 0 

Nitrogen-free  extract j  1, 352. 5 

Ether  extract i  91.0 

Total  nitrogen 54. 8 

Total  carbon I  1, 131. 0 

Calories 

Energy 10, 869 


Per  cent. 
tiO.68 
36.83 
62.43 
53. 4S 
(100.00) 
53.81 
68.51 
65.62 
(iO.08 
59.18 

.58.  ()4 


o  .\ssumed  to  be  wholly  digestible. 
THE    URINARY    EXCRETION. 

Table  IV  of  the  Appendix,  based  upon  the  weights  recorded  in 
Table  I,  shows  the  total  amounts  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  and  potential 
energy  in  the  urine.  In  those  cases  in  which  some  was  spilled,  the 
material  was  taken  up  as  completely  as  possible  with  the  aid  of  dis- 
tilled water  and  the  weight  and  nitrogen  content  of  the  washings 
determined.  It  has  been  assumed  that  their  content  of  carbon  and 
of  energy  was  proportional  to  the  nitrogen.  The  following  table 
gives  a  summary  of  the  average  daily  excretion : 

Table  9. — Average  daily  excretion  in  urine — Periods  I,  II.  and  III. 


Period. 

Nitrogen.   Carbon. 

Energy. 

Energy 
per  gram 
of  ca  rbon . 

Orams.      Orams. 
.JO.  75  1      112.15 
69.  a5  >      11)8.76 
(i0..5.5         141.80 

Calories. 
1,046.40 
1,. 522. 25 
1.247.16 

Calorie. ". 
9. :« 

9.02 

8.79 

I.. 
II. 
Ill 


14 


THE   AVAIlJUiLE    ENEROY    OF    REP    CLOVER    HAV. 


It  will  be  observed  that  the  result^i  obtained  for  the  ener^'  per  jjram 
of  carbon  in  tlie  urine  tend  to  be  rather  lower  than  those  found  in 
Kellner's  well  known  experiments,  the  averajie  beinjj  0.05  calories  as 
compared  with  \).i\  calories  found  by  Kellner  for  lean  animals.  On 
the  basis  of  later  experience,  we  are  inclined  to  suspect  that  our  esti- 
mate of  the  energy  lost  in  the  drying  of  the  samples  is  somewhat  too 
low.  Nevertheless,  the  discrepancy  between  our  figures  and  Kellner's 
is  nuich  less  than  in  the  previous  year  and  the  results  have  been  used 
as  reported. 

GROWTH    OF    EPIDERMAL   TISSUE. 

The  steer  was  thoroughly  brushed  each  time  immediately  before 
entering  the  calorimeter  and  after  leaving  it,  and  the  hair,  dandrufT, 
etc.,  in  the  latter  case  collected.  To  this  was  added  the  small  amount 
bnished  up  from  the  floor  of  the  calorimeter.  In  these  samples  deter- 
minations of  nitrogen,  carbon,  and  energ}' were  made  with  the  follow- 
ing results,  which  include  for  each  period  the  total  for  the  four  days 
during  which  the  animal  was  in  the  calorimeter. 

Table  10. —  Wright  and  composition  of  hair,  dandrtiff,  etc. — Periodx  I,  J  I,  and  JIT. 


Constituents  and  energy. 


Period!. 


Weight grams.. 

Dry  msttrr percent.. 

Wright  of  dry  matter grams. . 

In  drj-  matter: 
Nitrogen 

Percentage 

Weight grams.. 

Carbon  - 

Percentage 

Weight grams . . 

Knergy  i 

I'er  gram calories. . ' 

Totai calnriee. . 


29.0 

03.10 

27.0 


4.50 
1.242 


.36. 71f> 
9.928 


4.108 
llO.fll 


Period  II. 


35.3 
93.76 

;b.i 


6.31 
2.08 


40.19 

i:i..» 


4.533 
1:10.04 


Period  III. 


Average. 


52.8 

93.48 

49.36 


7.83 
.1.86 


42.  .W 
21.00 


4.747 
234. 31 


Per  period. 

Per  day. 

2.39 

0.  ta) 

14.74 

3.39 

16.1. 10 

41. ;« 

As  in  previous  bulletiivs,  it  has  been  assumed  that  these  figures  rep- 
resent the  normal  rate  of  production  of  hair,  epidermis,  etc.,  by  the 
animal  during  the  experiment,  but  not,  of  ctmrse,  the  matter  and 
energy  contained  in  the  growth  of  hoofs  and  horns.  In  the  succeed- 
ing computatioiLs,  the  averages  of  Table  10  have  been  deducted  from 
the  gain  ( \.  e.,  added  to  the  loss)  to  determine  the  real  gain  of  flesh  and 
fat.  l)Ut  they  have  of  course  been  included  as  a  part  of  the  total  gain 
in  the  final  computations  of  availability. 


I>F:TERMINATI0XS    of    RESPIRATf>RY    PROnrCTS. 

As  was  stated  in  the  introduction,  the  total  metabolism  was  deter- 
mined nt  two  different  temperatures.  For  this  purpose  the  animal 
WH.s  pljued  in  tho  calorimeter  on  the  first  and  .second  days  and  on  the 
ciglitii  and  ninth  days  of  the  ten-day  digestion  period  proper.     Diir- 


DETERMINATIONS    OF    RESPIRATORY    PRODUCTS. 


15 


ing  the  first  of  these  two  respiration  experiments  the  temperature  of 
the  calorimeter  was  kept  at  19°  C.  and  during  the  second  at  13.5°  C. 
In  the  statements  which  follow  the  dates  given  indicate  the  twenty- 
four  hours  ending  at  6  p.  m.  on  the  date  named. 

Table  11. — Dates  of  respiration  experiments— Periods  I,  II,  and  III. 


Period. 

At  19°  C. 

At  13.5°  C. 

I 

Janiiary  13  and  14,  1904 

February  10  and  11,  1904.  .  '. 
March  9  and  10,  1904 

January  20  and  21,  1904. 

11 

Ill 

February  17  and  18,  1904. 
March  16  and  17,  1904. 

The  respiratory  products  were  determined  during  forty-eight  hours 
continuously,  the  time  being  divided  into  four  subperiods  of  twelve 
hours  each,  the  apparatus  used  being  the  respiration  calorimeter 
briefly  described  in  .Bulletin  51  of  this  Bureau  and  more  fully  in  the 
Experiment  Station  Record,  Vol.  XV,  p.  1037. 

It  is  impracticable  to  reproduce  here  all  the  details  of  these  deter- 
minations. For  the  general  methods  employed  the  reader  is  referred 
to  the  publications  just  mentioned. 


CHECK    TESTS. 


External  air. — As  stated  in  previous  bulletins,  check  tests  are 
depended  upon  as  a  means  of  computing  the  amount  of  combustible 
gases  contained  in  the  air  as  it  enters  the  respiration  chamber.  The 
check  tests  were  made  at  intervals  during  the  experiments  here 
described  with  the  following  results : 

Table  12. — CombtLstible  gases  in  external  air. 


Date. 


January  7,  1904.. 
January  25,  1904. 

March  1,  1904 

March  21,  1904... 
March  21,  1904... 


Observed 
volume 
of  air. 


Liters. 

1,090 

1,139 

1,090 

941 

892 


Average . 


Water 
weighed. 


Oram. 
0.0135 
.0230 
.0170 
.0175 
.0143 


Carbon 

dioxid 

weighed. 


j    Per  100  liters  dry  air 
I    at  0°  C.  and  7(j0  "mm. 

Hydrogen.     Carbon. 


Gram.       Milligram.  Milligram. 


0.0080 
.0080 


.0071 
.0047 


0. 153 
.243 
.193 
.226 
.194 


0.22;^ 
.208 


.224 
.  157 


.  202 


As  before,  the  results  are  somewhat  variable,  but  in  no  case  are  the 
corrections  large  as  compared  with  the  total  amounts  determined  in 
the  experiments  upon  the  animal. 

Alcohol  check  tests.- — The  accuracy  of  the  apparatus  was  tested,  as 
in  previous  years,  by  burning  in  it  known  amounts  of  ethyl  alcohol  and 
determining  the  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid,  water,  and  heat  evolved. 
The  results  of  these  alcohol  check  tests  as  regards  carbon  dioxid  and 
heat  are  given  below.  The  results  upon  water  have  not  yet  proven 
satisfactory. 


16 


THE   AVAILABLE   ENERGY   OF    RED   CLOVER   HAY. 


Table  13. — Results  of  alcohol  check  tests. 


n»u>. 


Janiutn-  S.  IWM. 
Marrh  K  IWM  . . 


Weight  of 
aloobol. 

Carbon  dioxkl. 

Heat. 

Pura-                1 
tlon.        Hy-      Anhy- 
UraMd.  droua. 

Com- 
puted. 

Ob- 
aenred. 

a««ob- 
aervfld. 

Com- 
puted. 

Ob- 
aervad. 

Penoat- 
ageob- 
aerved. 

Hour*.   Oram*.  Oram*. 
0      487. 12      43fi.  m 
7     .'>4l.(i8      485.82 

! 

Oram*. 

834.90 
928.40 

Oram*. 

830.58 
907.51 

99.48 
97.74 

Calorie*. 
31,2.W 
34,753 

Calorie*. 

31.428 
;«.  490 

100.67 
102. 13 

It  will  bo  noted  that  the  ajjreement  of  the  results  in  the  te^t  of  Jan- 
uary 5  is  very  satisfactory,  while  in  that  of  March  25  a  somewhat 
greater  departure  from  the  theoretical  results  occurred. 


RESULTS    UPON    THE    .\NIHAL. 


Tables  V,  VI,  VII,  VIII,  IX,  and  X  of  the  Appendix  contain  the 
results  of  the  determinations  of  the  respiratory  proclucts  for  the  several 
periods  and  subperiods.     These  are  summarized  in  the  table  follow- 

Tablk  14. — Ercretedin  respiration. 


I'erlod  and  xubperiod. 

Carbon 
aaCOi. 

Oram*. 
533.16 
530.01 

Carbon 
aaCHv 

Water. 

Period  la: 

Subperiod  1 

Oram*. 
ZV97 
23.20 

Oram*. 
1,979.72 

Subpertod  2 

2,048.84 

Klrst  day 

1,063.16 

40.17 

4,038.96 

Subperiod  3 

542.46 
562.44 

26.40 
27.39 

1,925.27 

8ubp4>rio<l  4 . 

1,886.38 

Second  day . . . 

1,094.89 

52.79 

3,811.05 

AveraKC 

1,079.03 

60.98 

3,920.11 

Period  16. 

.Siilnwriod  1 

.'>33.80 
539.19 

• 

25.36 
23.24 

1,242.85 

.SuJiperio*!  2 

1,395.35 

Flmt  day 

1.072.99 

48.60 

2,6.38.20 

Bubiwriod  3 

8ii»>f)<<rto<l  4 

.'>45.31 
rm.  16 

25.73 
23.14 

1,377.35 
1,498.60 

* 

Serond  day . . 

1.111.47 

48.87 

2,875.85 

A  vrraK'-  . . . 

1.002.23 

48.74 

2.757.03 

l>ri<Kl  llu: 

.Sub|.ori«»il  1  .  . 
Siili|i<>ri<Ml  .' 

(i05.A8 
r>42. 34 

.11.40 

41.68 

2,270.10 

2.  .ws.  .■>:« 

Klrxt  <J«y 

Siili|)ri1<Ml  .1 
Siihp«>ri<Ml  4, 

1,248.02 

t;42.fi0 
628.97 

73.08 

:i8.  45 
25.43 

4,065.63 

2.377.WI 
2,3.%.  17 

S<x-on(l  May  . 

1.271.47 

63.88 

4  736  06 

. 

Av«T»K'- 

1,269.75 

68.48  i 

4,700.84 

Pfri'Kl  116: 

.StibjirrifMl  1 
.Hiitijjriifxl  2 

61.V27 
622.32 

19.72 
22.06 

1.684.21 
1 ,  tVt9. 37 

Flnt  'lay 

1  ,.237. 69 

41.77 

3,333.58 

!«ut.p«>rtofl  .1 
r^r-.tip^nol  i 


622.96 
618.04 


1,241.00 
1,239.30 


31.30 

(7) 


1,782.71 
1,772.73 


3,665.44 


3, 444. 51 


COMPOSITION    OF    COMBUSTIBLE    GASES. 


17 


Table  14. — Excreted  m  respiration — Continued. 


Period  and  subperiod. 

Carbon 
as  COj. 

Carbon 
as  Clli. 

Water. 

Period  Ilia: 

Subperiod  1 

Orams. 
587.26 
568.68 

Orams. 
O28.03 
a  34.07 

Qrams. 
2, 349. 54 

Subperiod  2 

2,283.50 

1,155.94 

a  62. 10 

4,633.04 

Subperiod  3 . . .            . .               

581.71 
563.11 

25.08 
27.36 

2,185.98 

Subperiod  4 

2, 364. 54 

1,144.82 

52.44 

4, 550. 52 

Average .        

1,150.38 

4,591.78 

Period  III6: 

Subperiod  1 . .         .     . 

568.23 
560.76 

24.13 
31.28 

1, 756. 48 

Subperiod  2 

1,622.86 

1,128.99 

55.41 

3, 379. 34 

Subperiod  3 

568.89 
672.29 

31.94 
34.35 

1,693.32 

Subperiod  4 

l,a51.48 

Second  day                                       ^ 

1,141.18 

66.29 

3,544.80 

1,135.09 

60.85 

3,462.07 

<»  Includes  a  correction  for  the  time  during  which  the  gas  supply  of  the  combustion  furnaces  was  cut  off. 

Hydrocarbon  gases. — In  the  experiment  with  timothy  hay  in  1901-2 
it  was  shown  that  the  ratio  of  hydrogen  to  carbon  in  the  combustible 
gases  given  off  by  the  animal  was  almost  identical  with  that  for  meth- 
ane, while  in  the  experiment  of  the  succeeding  year  it  was  appreci- 
ably lower.  The  corresponding  results  for  the  present  experiment 
were  as  follows : 


Table  15. — Composition  of  combustible  gases. 


Period  and  subperiod. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Ratio  of 
hydrogen 
to  carbon. 

Methane 
com- 
puted 
from 

carbon. 

Period  la: 

Subperiod  1 .... 

Orams. 
8.03 
7.23 

Orams. 
25.97 
23.20 

1:3.234 
1:3.209 

Orams. 
3t.70 

Subperiod  2 

31.00 

First  day .       .   . 

15.26 

49.17 

1:3.225 

65.70 

Suljperiod  3 

8.02 
8.69 

25.40 
27.39 

1:3.167 
1:3.152 

33.94 

Subperiod  4 

36.59 

Second  day 

16.71 

52. 79 

1:3.159 

70.53 

Average 

15.99 

50.98 

1:3.188 

68.11 

Period  16: 

Subperiod  1 

7.67 
7.06 

25.36 
23.24 

1:3.306 
1:3.292 

33.88 

Subx)eriod  2 

31.05 

First  day 

14.73 

48.60 

1:3.299 

64.93 

Subperiod  3 ". 

Subperiod  4 

8.49 
7.15 

25.73 
23.14 

1:3.031 
1:3.237 

34.38 
30.92 

Second  day 

15.64 

48.87 

1:3.125 

65.30 

Average 

15.19 

48.74 

1:3.209 

65.12 

12237— Bull.  101—07- 


18 


TUE   AVAILABLE    ENERGY   OF   RED   CLOVER   HAY. 
Taiilk  15. — Composition  of  combustibh  gases — Continued. 


Period  Hiul .  ubpcrlods. 

Ilydro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Ratio  of 
hydrogpn 
to  carbon. 

If  ethane 
com- 
put(>d 
from 

carbon. 

Ppriwl  Ila: 

Orama. 
9.92 
13.19 

Orama. 
31.40 
41.68 

1:.3.165 
1:3.160 

Orama. 
41.  &5 

.55. 60 

KiMt  (Uv 

23.11 

73.06 

1:3.162 

07.64 

Sulipt^rirxl  .'<                                                   

12.36 
7.91 

38.45 
25.43 

1:3.111 
1:3.215 

51.37 

8uJ»p«'ri<><l -1         

33.08 

20.27 

63.88 

1:3.151 

85.35 

21.69 

68.48 

1:3.157 

91.40 

Prriod  116: 

6.09 
7.43 

19.72 
22.05 

1:3.238 
1:2.968 

26.  :i5 

8iil'p«Tio<l  2     

29.46 

13.52 

41.77 

1:3.090 

55.81 

9.79 
(?) 

31.20 

(?) 

1:3.187 

41.68 

SulnxTirxl  i                     

IVhcMl  Ilia: 

08.89 
0  10.88 

O28.03 
034.07 

1:3.153 
1:3.131 

37. 45 

45.  .52 

Klrnt  <lay                         

19.77 

62.10 

1:3.14! 

82.07 

7.89 
8.63 

25.08 
27.36 

1:3.179 
1:3.171 

33.51 

Sti>>fx<rl(Ml  4 

;«■>.. v> 

16.52 

.52.44 

1:3.174 

70.06 

18. 15 

.57.27 

1:3.155 

76.52 

IVrimI  1116: 

Snlipcricxl  1 

7.26 
10.03 

24.13 
31.28 

1:3.324 
1:3.119 

.32.24 

SubjxTifMl  2 . . .  .                                  

41.79 

Kimt  <1h V 

17.29 

.55.41 

I:3.2a5 

74.03 

Huliporiwl  3 

10.40 
11.06 

.31.94 
34.35 

1:^071 
1:3.106 

42.67 

8ut>p»Ti(Kl  4 

45.80 

21. 4« 

66.29 

1:.3.0»9 

88. 5«) 

A  vi-ngr 

19.38 

60.85 

1:3.140 

81.30 

'"  IncUid<>R  II  corn'ction. 

It  will  1)0  ohsorvod  that  in  every  in.stancc  the  ratio  of  liydrofjon  to 
rurlion  i.s  lower  than  that  in  inetliane.  The  average  ratio  for  all  the 
jK'ri<)<ls  is  almost  exactly  the  same  as  that  found  in  the  experiment.s  of 
the  previous  year,  lus  reported  in  Hulletin  74  of  this  Bureau,  viz,  1  :.'i.l7, 
which  correspond.s  to  the  followinj;;  compo.sition  as  compared  to  the 
theoretical: 


CHrtH.i. 


Fotirnl. 


I'rr  irni 


In  iiH-th- 
ani'. 


I'fT  rrnl. 

74.  H5 
Z',.  15 


DETERMINATIONS    OP   HEAT.  19 

The  presence  of  free  hydrogen  in  the  intestinal  gases  of  animals  has 
occasionally  been  noted,  but  it  is  difficult  to  see  what  compound 
richer  in  carbon  than  methane  would  be  likely  to  be  present.  In  the 
light  of  subsequent  experience,  we  are  inclined  to  suspect  that  insuffi- 
cient heating  of  the  platinized  kaolin  may  be  responsible  for  the  defi- 
ciency of  hydrogen.  At  any  rate,  pending  a  critical  study  of  the 
method  employed,  we  have  for  the  present  computed  the  excretion 
of  methane  from  the  amounts  of  carbon  shown  in  the  above  table. 

The  results  of  Period  II&,  it  will  be  noted,  are  exceedingly  low,  and 
none  at  all  are  reported  for  subperiod  4  of  this  period.  In  the  subse- 
quent computations,  therefore,  these  results  have  been  rejected  and 
those  obtained  in  Period  Ila,  on  the  same  ration,  employed. 

DETERMINATIONS    OF    HEAT. 

It  is  impracticable  to  reproduce  here  the  very  voluminous  records 
required  for  the  determination  of  the  heat  produced,  and  it  must  suf- 
fice to  indicate  the  general  method  and  to  summarize  the  main  results. 

As  explained  in  Bulletin  51,  the  heat  given  off  by  the  animal  as 
sensible  heat  is  removed  from  the  apparatus  by  a  water  current,  the 
amount  thus  removed  being  measured  by  the  product  of  the  amount 
of  water  passing  through  the  absorbers  and  the  rise  in  temperature 
during  its  passage  through  the  apparatus.  As  noted,  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  water  is  taken  every  four  minutes,  while  the  efflux  of  each 
100  liters  is  noted  on  the  records.  In  any  portion  of  the  experiment 
during  which  the  rate  of  flow  of  water  is  uniform  we  may,  without 
sensible  error,  compute  the  averages  of  the  ingoing  and  of  the  outcom- 
ing  temperatures  and  multiply  the  total  weight  of  water  by  the  differ- 
ence between  the  two.     Certain  corrections  are  necessary,  however. 

First.  The  pipe  composing  our  absorber  being  of  small  diameter, 
there  is  a  not  inconsiderable  pressure  upon  the  bulbs  of  the  ther- 
mometers, and  this  pressure  varies  with  the  rate  at  which  the  water 
flows.  Since  the  pressure  is  greater  upon  the  ingoing  than  upon 
the  outcoming  thermometer,  the  effect  is  to  render  the  observed 
difference  in  temperature  too  small.  A  correction  for  this  effect  has 
been  worked  out  experimentally  for  the  range  of  pressure  used  and 
is  applied  in  the  table. 

Second.  The  friction  of  the  water  in  the  absorbers  is  itself  the  source 
of  a  small  amount  of  heat,  which  is  computed  from  the  difference 
in  pressure  at  entrance  and  exit  and  the  weight  of  the  water  passing 
through  the  absorbers. 

Third.  As  Atwater  and  Rosa  have  shown,  it  is  essential  to  take 
account  of  the  variation  in  the  specific  heat  of  water  at  different 
temperatures.  We  have  followed  their  practice,  and,  assuming  the 
specific  heat  of  water  at  20°  C.  as  unity,  have  expressed  all  our 


20  THE   AVAlLu\BLE    ENERGY   OF    RED   CLOVER    HAY. 

results  in  calories  at  20",  using  for  tliis  purpose  the  table  of  the 
specific  heat  of  water  given  by  those  observers." 

Fourth.  Corrections  have  to  be  made  for  the  heat  introduced  into 
the  apparatus  or  withdrawn  from  it  in  case  the  feed,  drink,  excreta, 
and  vessels  containing  them  are  introduced  or  removed  at  a  tem- 
perature different  from  that  of  the  calorimeter.  The  net  amount  of 
these  corrections,  as  appears  from  the  table,  is  ordinarily  small,  but 
the  single  factors  are  st)metimes  not  inconsiderable.  This  is  esj>e- 
cially  the  case  with  the  feces,  where  considerable  difficulty  has  been 
experienced  in  determining  the  true  average  temperature  of  the  mass. 

The  results  of  these  several  computations  are  contained  in  Table 
XI  of  the  Api>endix.  To  the  heat  thus  measured  is  to  be  added  the 
latent  heat  of  water  vapor  evaporated  in  and  carried  out  of  the 
chamber.  This  is  computed  from  the  results  for  water,  assuming 
the  latent  heat  of  vaporization  to  be  0.592  calorie  per  gram. 

The  following  table  contains  a  summary  of  the  amounts  of  heat 
measured  in  the  calorimeter  in  the  several  periods  and  .subperiods. 
By  a  series  of  accidents  the  results  for  Period  116,  subperiods  :i 
and  4,  were  rendered  valueless. 


Tahlk   H>.-  Jlcal  measured  in  caloriiiutrr. 


reriixi  In.     I'ericxl  16.    Period  I  la. 


First  ilay:  Calorie*.      Calorie*.  .   Calorie*. 

SubperifKl  1 6,667.92  1      5,827.99  1      5,765.91 

Subi>eriod2 5,213.»    5,639.28 


TotAl 10,881.72! i     11.405.19 


Second  d«y:  i  I 

Subpf-rtodS S.h22.az\      .'i,95«.95         .S,901.96 

.Subpcriod  4 S.^iM-Jie  I      5,739.96         5,721.91 


rcriodllb. 


Calorie*. 
.S,  773. 06 
5,300.77 


l'prl<Hl  I'eriod 

llla.  1II6. 


Calorie*. 
5,586.97 
5,322.91 


Calorie*. 
S,«R3.14 
5.115.06 


11,073.83  !     10,909.88         10,798.20 


5,324.48  5,.-U.5. 11 

5,350,96  I        5,561.71 


ToUl 11,127.89       11,696.91        11,623.87' 10,67.5.44         10,906.82 


.NvrmRe  jxT  <Uy 11,004.8     11,.M4.53  : 10,792.66  |      10,852.5 


ItATK    iiK    IIKAT    KMI.s.mIon. 

As  in  previous  exiH'rimcnts,  the  rate  at  wiiich  heat  was  emitted  by 
the  animal  varied  notably  according  as  the  animal  was  standing  or 
lying.  The  following  tai)le  shows  the  total  heat  emitted  during  the 
f>eriods  of  standing  and  lying,  respectively.  The  figures  of  this  table 
relate  only  to  the  amount  of  heat  given  off  by  radiation  and  con- 
duction and  removed  from  the  calorimeter  in  the  water  current,  and 
do  not  include  the  heat  carried  off  as  latent  heat  of  water  vapor. 

"1.  .'^.  Di-iKininrnl  id  .\gric  iiltun-,  Oflicc  of  KxiH-riun'nl  SlatioiiH  liuliotin  (i'.i.  p.  5(1. 


RATE    OF    HEAT    EMISSION. 
Table  17. — Heat  emission,  stamling  ami  lying. 


21 


Period  and  subperiod. 


Time. 


Position. 


Period  la:  1 

Subperiod  1—  Minutes. 

ti.OO  p.  m.  to  11.59  p.  m 359 

11.59  p.  m.  to  2.13  a.  m 134 

2.13  a.  m.  to  COO  a.  m 227 

Subperiod  2 — 

6.00  a.  m.  to  9.44  a.  m 224 

9.44  a.  m.  to  11.39  a.  ni 115 

11.39  a.  m.  to  0.00  p.  m 381 

Subperiod  3 — 

0.00  p.  m.  to  7.4C  p.  m 106 

7.46  p.  m.  to  7.51  p.  ni 5 

7.51  p.  m.  to  12.58  a.  ni 307 

12..58  a.  m.  to  3.08  a.  m 130 

3.08  a.  m.  to  6.00  a.  m 172 

Subperiod  4 — 

6.00  a.  ni.  to  6.00  p.  m 720 

Period  Ila: 

KubperLod  1— 

6.00  p.m.  to  2.36  a.  m .510 

2.36  a.  m.  to  5.01  a.  m 145 

5.01  a.  m.  to  6.00  a.  m .59 

Subperiod  2— 

6.00  a.  m.  to  9.41  a.  m 221 

9.41  a.  m.  to  12.46'p.  m 185 

12.46  p.  m.  to  2.46  p.  m 120 

2.46  p.  m.  to  4.29  p.  m 103 

4.29  p.  m.  to  6.00  p.  m 91 

Subperiod  3 — 

6.00  p.  m.  to  8.55  p.  m 175 

8.55  p.  m.  to  10.42  p.  m 107 

10.42  p.  m.  to  2.05  a.  ni 203 

2.05  a.  m.  to  4.33  a.  in 148 

4.33  a.  m.  to  (i.OO  a.  m 87 

Subperiod  4 — 

6.00  a.  m.  to  8.12  a.  m •. . . .  132 

8.12  a.  m.  to  10.36  a.  m 144 

10.36  a.  m.  to  1.07  p.  m 151 

1.07  p.  m.  to  2.49  p.  ni 102 

2.49  p.m.  to  6.00  p.  m .• 191 

Period  IIIo: 

Subperiod  1 — 

6.00  p.  m.  to  8.57  p.  m 177 

8..57p.  m.  to  9.36  p.  m 39 

9.36  p.m.  to  2..53  a.  m 317 

2..53  a.  m.  to  4.58  a.  m 125 

4.58  a.  m.  to  6.00  a.  m 62 

Subperiod  2 — 

6.00  a.  m.  to  8.31  a.  m 151 

8.31  a.  m.  to  10.10  a.  m 99 

10.10  a.  m.  to  11.46  a.  m 96 

11.46  a.  m.  to  2.27  p.  m 161 

2.27  p.  m.  to  6.00  p.  m i  213 

Subperiod  3 —  ; 

6.00  p.  m.  to  7.46  p.  m 106 

7.46  p.  m.  to  9.20  p.  m '  94 

9.20  p.  m.  to  10.24  p.  m 64 

10.24  p.  m.  to  11.58  p.  m 94 

11.58  p.  m.  to  12.25  a.  m 27 

12.25  a.  m.  to  2.09  a.  m 104 

2.09  a.  m.  to  3.04  a.  m 55 

3.04  a.  m.  to  4.59  a.  m 115 

4.59  a.  m.  to  6.00  a.  m 61 

Subperiod  4— 

6.00  a.  m.  to  9.30  a.  m ..     210 

9.30  a.  m.  to  11.36  a.  m 126 

11.36  a.  m.  to  1.37  p.  m 121 

1.37  p.  m.  to  3.56  p.  m 139 

3.56  p.  m.  to  6.00  a.  m 124 

Period  16: 

Subperiod  1— 

6.00  p.  m.  to  6.00  a.  m 720 

Sui)period  2 — 

6.00  a.  m.  to  6.00  p.  m 720 

Sui)period  3— 

6.00  p.  m.  to  6.00  a.  in 720 

Suliperiod  4— 

6.00  a.  m.  to  6.00  p.  m 720 


Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 

Standing . 


Standing. 

Ljing 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing . 


Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Ljnng 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Ljang 

Standing . 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 


Standing. 
Standing. 
Standing. 
Standing. 


Total  heat. 'H«**P«'' 
minute. 


Calories.    ,  Calories. 

2,228.63  ;        6.2079 

639.07  4.7691 

1,628.23  7.1728 


1,329.16 

471.06 

2,200.67 

652.54 

26.50 

1,967.26 

581.58 
1,1.54.69 

4,488.83 


3,  .347. 84 
643. 67 
430.  .50 

1,440.59 
797. 73 
8.56.32 
413.74 
712. 75 

1,199.09 
.521.08 

1,448.46 
689.35 
636.28 

868.59 
632.67 

1,054.01 
479. 2() 

1.291.34 


1,079.26 
160.94 

2,005.17 
541.65 
409.02 

939.  75 
346.29 
649.  32 
680.80 
1,354.92 

663.16 
427. 21 
447.00 
426. 67 
192.  46 
489.88 
432.65 
563. 52 
387.83 


5,092.23 


.5.9333 
4.0961 
5. 77(iO 

6. 1560 
5. 3000 
6.4080 
4. 4737 
6.713;i 

f..  2.344 


6.4880 
4. 4390 
7. 27<H-. 

6. 5185 
4. 3120 
7. 1360 
4.0169 
7.  H.320 

6.8519 
4.8i;99 
7. 1.3.52 
4. 6.577 

7.3i;c. 

6.  .5802 
4. 393.5 
6. 9802 
4. 698C) 
6.  H'm 


6.0975 
4.  1266 
6. 3240 
4.3332 
(i.  .5971 

6.2235 
3.  4978 
6.7637 
4.2285 
6.3611 

6.2562 
4. 5448 
6.9843 
4.5390 
7. 1281 
4.7103 
7.f^663 
4.9001 
6.  .3578 


1,295.38 

6. 168.5 

522.  45 

4.  H64 

757.97 

6.  2642 

560.45 

4. ««) 

814.90 

6.  5720 

5, 141.  .56 
4,8.52.8.5 


7.1411 
6.  7401 


22  THE   AVAII^BLE    ENERGY   OF   RED   CLOVER    HAY. 

Tahi.k  17.     llftU  imUsitm.  xtatuiing  ami  lying-  r^jntiniUMl. 


'priixl  mill  Mi)ip<<riiMl 


IVrtcxl  116: 

Stiiiwrlfvl  1— 

A(»p.  m.  to  1.51  a.  m 
1.51  a.  in.  to  l./ie  a.  in 
I.M*.  ni.  to  X'ti  a.  in 
3.J9  a.  ni.  to  5.4A  a.  m 
.VM  a.  m.  to  A.00  a.  m 

\\'    Stif>p«*ri<><l  2— 

.  ..'.        A.uOa.  in.  to  1.14  p.  m 

'  I '  1 .  14  p.  in.  to  X'i^  p.  in 

iMft  p.  m.  to  6.(10  p.  in 

*•    »il.ppri<>d  3 

,*t'        ft.OO  p.  in.  to  ".5»  p.  m 

a.  7.5»  p.  in.  to  I0.3S  p.  in 

lO.W  p.  ni.  to  11.4-'  p.  in 
11.42  p.  m.  to  \M  n.  ni 
l.'il  a.  in.  to.'>.l7  A.  in 


.'>.17  a.  ni.  tn  A.a)  u.  in 
Siil>perlo<l  4- 

<(.00a.  in.  toK..''>9a.  in 
N-IO  a.  ni.  to  lO.'JA  a.  in 
\0:X  >\.  ni.  to  1.24  p.  Ill 

1.24  p.  in.  to  2.3)  p.  in 
2.20  p.  in.  to  6.1X1  p.  Ill 

l'oiio<l  II 16; 

.*<iil>p«>rio<l  1  — 

«  00  p.  ni  to  10.27  p.  in 
10.-27  p.  in.  to  12.21  a.  in 
12.21  a.  ni.  to  2.0.'i  a.  in. 
2.05  a.  in.  to  .'{..31  a.  in 
XM  a.  m.  to  0.00  a. ni 
Siil>p(>rio<l  2- 

6.00  a.  ni.  to  10.i1  a.  m 
\Q.X\  a.  in.  to  U.X\  p.  in 
12.13  p.  m.  to  \M  p.  ni 
1.54  p.  m.  to  2.44  p.  ni 
2.44  p.  in.  to  6.00  p.  m 

8nt>pprio<l  3  - 

6.(1)  p  m.  to  8.07  p.  m 
8.07  p.  in.  to  9..10  p.  m 
0.30  p.  m.  to  1.25  a.  ni 

1. 25  a.  in.  to  2..'>N  a.  ni 
2.5H  a.  in.  to  3.47  a.  ni 
3.47  a.  m.  to  5.44  a.  m 
5.44  a.  m.  to  6.00  a.  m 

8uJ>pei1o<l  4— 

6  00  a.  m.  to9.1«  a.  m 
9  IHa.  m.  to  II  2Ha.  m 
II  2Ma.  in.  to  I  43  p.  m 
I  43  p.  tn.  to  14.')  p   in 
1  45  p.  m.  to  «.no  p.  m 


Position. 


Standing. 
Lying. . . . 
Standing. 


Lyin«.... 
Standing. 

Standing. 
Lyiii«. . . . 
Standing. 


Standing 

Lying 

Standing 

Lying 

Standing  an<l 

lying" 
Standing 


Standing. 
Lying.... 
Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 


Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 
Lying.... 
Standing. 

Standing . 
Lying  . . . . 
Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 
Lying.... 
Standing. 
Lying.... 
Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 

Standing. 
Lying... 
Standing. 

Lying 

Standing. 


ToUl  heat, 


Caiorttt. 

3,271.84 

32.  SA 

66.V06 

090.83 

I1.V70 

2,648.  M 

.Wl.  K5 

1,093.56 

788.46 
881.70 
4Hi%.  74 
7.39. 81 
1,192.22 

333.94 

1,231.48 
454.05 

1,202.  ft.-. 
280.11 

1,.'««).73 


1,S1.V36 
574.  49 
751. 12 
4.'>7. 29 

1,04.5.  ft'. 

1..'JC.4.'. 
.5.11.84 
4S7.03 
21.'i.  99- 

1,302.02 

792. 55  ■ 
394.36 

1,612.37 
483.30 
312.  72 
608.2.5 
139. 12 
I 

1,286.64 

574.65 

927. 79 

2.38 

1,674.18 


\\r*X  per 
minute. 


Caloriff. 


6. 5120 
7. 1514 
5.0425 
8.2642 

6. 103.5 
4. 4075 
7.  1010 

6.62.57 
.V419.'. 
7.  .5896 

5.  7.'Vt<t 

7.  7fl«i» 

6. 8797 
.5. 2lWt 

6.  7.164 
4.  ♦V44N 

7.  2:«il'-. 


fi.  7931 
5.034M 
7.  222:» 
.1.3173 
7. 01.37 

5.8148 
4..'.98« 
«.  i:«i 
4.3198 
6.6428 

6.2405 
4.7513 
6.8611 

5.  1967 

6.  .3820 

8  69.10 

6.4981 
4.4203 
6.  872.1 
1.  HWO 
6.  .16.54 


•  The  animal  lay  down  w.  quietly  that  It  was  not  noticed  at  the  time, 
madr  >>rt  ween  1.51  and  5.17  (or  standing  an<l  lying. 


Therefore  no  dlvinion  was 


From  tlu'  forrjioing  table  liave  l)oon  coinputod  the  fi)llowin{j  results 
for  the  total  heat  emitted  during  the  several  periods  in  the  lyinjj  and 
the  Htandini;  positions,  respectively,  together  with  the  average  heat 
eniLs.si()n  per  minute.  In  making  the.se  computations  the  artificial 
divi.sion  into  suhperiods  has  been  disregarded. 


HEAT   EMISSION    AND    HEAT    PRODUCTION.  23 

Table  18. — Average  heat  emission  per  minute. 


Lying.       Standing. 


Period  lo: 

Minutes ,.J      384  2,496 

Total  heat calories.  .11, 718. 2  15,6.50. 0 

Heat  per  minute do 4. 4747  6. 2700 

Ratio 1  1. 4012 

Period  Ila:  I  , 

Minutes !      934  i    1,946 

Totalheat calories..    4,177..'5        I  13,285.8 

Heat  per  minute do 4.  4727  1  6. 8272 

Ratio 1  I  1.5264 

Period  Ilia: 

Minutes 

Total  heat calories. . 

Heat  i)er  minute .do 

Ratio 

Period  16  (subperiods  1,  3,  and  4):  j 

Minutes 1 2, 160 

Total  heat calories. 15,086. 64 

Heat  per  minute do 6.  9846 

Period  lib  (suhperiods  1  and  2  onlv): 

Minutes ." 274  1,166 

Total  heat calories..    1,305.2  7,802.2 

Heat  per  minute do 4.  7636  6. 6914 

Ratio 1  1. 4047 

Period  1116: 

Minutes 795  2, 085 

Total  heat calories. .    3,862. 5  13,743. 4 

Heat  per  minute do 4. 8585  6. 5915 

Ratio 1  l.a566 


1,096 

1,784 

4,719.8 

11,428.7 

4.3064 

6.4062 

1 

1.  4876 

The  differences  in  rate  of  heat  emission,  although  sUghtly  smaller,  are 
still  quite  comparable  with  those  observed  in  the  previous  year  with 
the  same  animal  (Bui.  74,  p.  24),  while  both  are  larger  than  those 
observed  in  the  first  year's  experiments  (Bui.  51,  p.  37).  In  the 
results  of  the  last  two  years  there  appears  a  distinct  effect  of  the 
amount  of  feed  consumed,  the  difference  in  the  heat  emission 
standing  and  lying  tending  to  be  greater  on  the  heavier  rations.  In 
this  year's  experiments,  too,  the  difference  seems  to  be  less  in  the  trials 
at  the  lower  temperature,  although  the  results  for  periods  Ih  and  life, 
as  noted,  are  somewhat  incomplete.  While  we  should  naturally 
ascribe  these  differences  in  heat  emission  chiefly  to  the  increased 
muscular  exertion  required  in  standing,  it  would  seem  that  there  are 
other  factors  affecting  it. 


HEAT    EMISSION    AND    IIE.\T    PRODICTION. 


The  figures  of  the  preceding  tables  show  the  amounts  of  heat  given 
off  by  the  animal.  The  heat  emitted  by  the  animal,  however,  is 
equal  to  the  amount  of  heat  actually  produced  only  when  tlie  initial 
and  final  states  of  the  animal  are  the  same.  Consefiuently  there 
may  be,  according  to  circumstances,  either  a  storage  of  heat  in  the 
body  or  an  emission  of  heat  produced  in  a  ])revious  ])erit)d.  In  this 
respect  there  are  two  principal  sources  of  error — first,  variations  in 
the  body  temperature  of  the  animal;  second,  a  storage  or  loss  of  mat- 
ter by  the  body.  As  regards  the  first  of  these  sources  of  error,  it  has 
been  assumed  that  under  normal  and  uniform  conditions  the  bodv 


24 


THE    AVAILABLE    ENERGY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 


temperature  would  ho  substantially  the  same  at  the  same  hour  of  the 
day.  Wo  have  not  been  able  as  yet  to  make  systematic  determina- 
tions of  tlie  body  temperature  of  cattle  as  a  check  upon  this  assump- 
tion, but  tlie  rectal  temj>erature  of  the  animal  was  taken  daily  duiing 
the  dij;estion  periods  proper  of  Periods  I  and  TI,  except  when  the 
steer  was  in  the  cah^rimeter,  and  also  durinfr  the  preliminar}'  feeding 
of  Periods  II  and  III  and  on  one  day  during  the  digestion  j)eriod 
pro]>er  of  Period  III.  The  observations  were  made  immediately 
before  watering,  by  means  of  a  self-registering  mercurial  thermome- 
ter, with  the  following  results: 

Table  19. —  Temperature  of  the  animal. 


Period  I. 


Date. 


Tempera- 
ture. 


Januaiy  15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
22. 


38.3 
38.1 
38.1 
38.2 
37.9 
38.0 


Average. 


3&1 


Period  II. 

Date. 

Tempera- 
ture. 

"C. 

February   3 

38.3 

38.2 

5 

38.2 

6 

38.2 

7 

38.3 

8 

38.2 

9 

38.1 

12 

38.1 

13 

3K2 

14 

38.1 

15 

38.2 

16 

38.1 

19 

38.3 

Averaire 

38.2 

Period  III. 


Date. 

Tempera- 
ture. 

Fehnmry  28 

"C. 
38.2 

29 

38.3 

March    1 

38.3 

2 

38.4 

3 

.38.3 

4 

38.3 

h 

38.2 

ti 

38.3 

38.3 

12 

38.3 

Averagp 

38.3 

In  but  two  cases  does  the  difrercnco  between  two  .successive  days 
exceed  0.1°  C.  With  an  average  live  weight  of  al)out  oSO  kilograms, 
assuming  a  specific  heat  of  0.8  for  the  body,  this  difference  is  ecpiiva- 
lent  to  40  calories. 

If  the  animal  stores  uj)  matter  in  its  body,  there  must  necessarily 
be  a  corresp«)ndini;  retention  of  a  portion  of  the  heat  arising  from 
b«Kly  iiictab()Ii,<m.  siiuc  the  matt<'r  which  is  stored  was  consumed  in 
the  food  at  a  tcm|>erature  considerai>ly  below  that  of  the  body.  On 
the  other  hand,  if  there  is  a  loss  of  matter  from  the  body  in  any  one 
of  the  various  excreta,  the  temperature  of  this  matter  is  reduced 
(eitiier  actually  or  by  ( al<ulation^  to  that  of  the  surrounding  air 
before  it  leaves  the  calorimeter,  and  this  heat  which  was  j)reviously 
stored  up  in  the  ixxly  is  measured  along  with  that  actually  produced 
duriui:  the  «'X|»eriiMeut .  'Die  above  statements  are  of  course  tnu^ 
wlmtever  be  the  kind  of  matter  stored  n|>  or  given  off;  but  the 
iniittne  and  nutgn  uf  water  is  of  especial  importance  in  this  res|>ect, 
botji  because  nf  its  large  amount  and  l>e<ause  of  the  high  s])ecinc 
heat  of  water.  Inderd.  a  \ cry  simple  <alculation  .serves  to  show  that 
in  these  experiments  the  dilTerence  in  the  in<(»me  and  outgo  of  dry 
matter  tjo«-^  not  materially  affect  the  computation  of  the  balance  of 


APPROXIMATE  WATER  BALANCE. 


25 


energy,  and  that  consequently  only  the  income  and  outgo  of  water 
need  be  considered. 

From,  the  data  contained  in  the  various  tables  of  the  Appendix  are 
compiled  the  following  tables,  showing  the  income  and  outgo  of 
water  by  the  animal  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss  of  heat  on 
each  day  of  the  calorimeter  experiments.  The  body  temperature  has 
been  assumed  to  be  represented  by  the  average  for  the  period  (Table 
19),  while  that  of  the  calorimeter  was  19.0°  C.  and  13. 5°  C.  in  the  series 
a  and  h,  respectively,  except  in  Period  III6,  when  it  was  13.8°  C.  In 
the  case  of  feces  spilled  in  the  calorimeter  the  water  remaining  in 
them  when  sampled  has  been  divided  equally  between  the  two  days. 

Table  20. — Approximate  water  balance. 

PERIOD  I. 


Income. 

Outgo. 

Income.     Outgo. 

Period  la: 

January  13— 

llay 

Grams. 

272 

11,330 

Grams. 

Period  16; 

January  20— 

Hay 

Grams.      Grams. 
289    

Water !        3,554  , 

Feces .          

2,908 

37 

3.903 

4,029 

6(j5 

Feces ■ '          4, 936 

Feces  spilled 4 

Urine 3.599 

Urine 

Water  vapor 2,638 

Balance 7.3.34 

January  14 — 

Hay 

January  21— 

Hay 

Water 

li;602        11,(502  ' 

11,177          11,177 

2<»(i 

270  ' 

Water     '           7(')0 

4,718 

37 

2,984, 

3,812 

11,895     

5, 102 

...                      4 

Urine.          ' 

Urine 

2.583 

2.876 

Balance 

10,495 

Balance l.fiOO 

11,551 

11,551  , 

12,165           12.165 

PERIOD  II. 


Period  llo.' 

February  10— 

Hay 

Water          .... 

536 
11,952 

Period  116.- 

February  17— 

Hay 449 

Water       25,670  ' 

Feces 

9,856 

Feces '          7, 658 

54 
5,209 
4,666 

Feces  spilled 14 

Urine            

Water  vapor 

Water  vapor 3.  .334 

Balance 

7,297 

Balance 9.871 

19,7a'-)  1       19,785 

26.119          2(i,  119 

February  11— 

Hay 

.197 
17,470 

February  18— 

Hav". 504    

Water 

Water 14,  41.0  ! 

54 
.'•.,584 
4,736 

Feces 6, 921 

Feces  spilled 

Feces  spilled '               14 

Urine 5,071 

Wator  vapor 

Water  vapor 3. 5()0 

Balance 

1,003 

Balance tX)2 

19,070 

19.070 

!      15,566 

15,566 

12237— Bull.  101—07 


2«i 


THE    AVAILABLE    ENEKGY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 


Tablk  2(). — ApproximaU  wider  balance — Continued. 
PERIOD  III. 


luooiiu^     Outgo. 


•rioti  lllo: 
March  »►- 

Hay 

WhUt 

fwaU-n  rMJdiK». 

Kixva 

Kiws  KplUod 

I'rinr 

WaUT  V8por 

Balance 


Qramt. 

458 
5, -JOS 


Oram*. 


9,416 


W 

5,7«2 

7 

4,578 

4,033 


15,079         15,079 


March  10— 

Hay 

WHt4>r 

Uwatcn  rpsidiM* 

Fpws 

Kw's  spillod 

rrino 

WaUT  vapor. . . 
lialano' 


451 
16,020 


53 
5,100 
7 
4,503 
4,551 
2,257 


16,471         16,471 


I>eriod  III6; 
March  16— 

Hay 

Water 

Feces 

Feces  spilled . 

Urlno 

Water  vapor. 
Balance 


Inoome.    Outgo 


Qramt. 

412 

18,100 


Oram*. 


6,611 
4 

4,461 
3,379 
4,057 


18,512 


March  17— 

Hay 387 

Water \      11,300 

Feces ' 

Feces  spilled ' 

Urine 

Water  vapor 

Balance I       2,289 


13,876 


18,612 


5,779 

4 

4,548 

3,545 


13,876 


Upon  the  ba.si.s  of  the  above  figures  the  actual  heat  production  has 
been  computed,  as  shown  in  tlie  foHowing  table,  the  difference  be- 
tween the  income  and  outgo  of  water,  expressed  in  kilograms,  being 
multiplied  by  the  difference  between  the  average  body  temperature 
for  the  period  and  the  temperature  of  the  calorimeter  to  obtain  the 
correction.  With  the  exception  of  Period  Ila,  the  results  for  the 
two  days  of  each  period  where  such  a  com'parison  is  possible  show  a 
v'er>'  clo.se  agreement  in  the  amount  of  heat  actually  produced. 

Table  21. — Heat  prodtvclion. 


period. 


Poriod  \a: 

First  dav .  . 
.Second  flay . 

Avprajf. . 

IVrJod  16.- 
First  day.. 
Second  <iav , 


I'rrtfKl  Ila; 
First  day.. 
.Second  oav. 


Average. 

ivrifKl  116.- 
First  day. 
.'W-ond  oay 


11,004.8 


11,696.9 


11,405.2 
11,623.9 

11,514.5 


Corroction  ,.  „,  „^. 
for  water  I  "^U:,"*- 
balancc. 


duced. 


Calorie*.   ,    Calorie*. 
+  12.7  10.S04.4 

-200.5,         10,927.4 


10,910.0 


+  39.4 


11,736.3 


-140.1 
-    19.3 


-  70.7 


11,26.V1 
11,604.)'. 


11.434.0 


NITROGEN    AND    CARBON    BALANCE. 


27 


THE  BALANCE  OF  MATTER. 

Considering  the  figures  for  epidermal  tissues  in  Table  10  to  repre- 
sent the  average  rate  of  growth  of  hair,  etc.,  we  may  subdivide  the 
gain  or  loss  as  ordinarily  computed  into  the  growth  of  these  tissues 
and  the  real  gain  or  loss  of  the  proteids  and  fat  of  the  body,  as  has 
been  done  in  the  computations  which  follow. 

THK    NITROGEN    AND    CARBON    BALANCE. 


The  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon  are  shown  in  the 
following  table.'  The  figures  for  hydrogen  are  omitted  for  the  reason 
that,  as  stated  on  page  15,  the  results  for  water  were  not  found  to 
be  entirely  satisfactory.  In  Period  116,  as  noted  on  page  19,  the 
results  on  methane  were  apparently  too  low,  and  therefore  those  of 
Period  Ila,  on  the  same  ration,  have  been  substituted. 

Table  22. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon  per  day  and  head. 


Period. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Income. 

Outgo. 

Income. 

Outgo. 

Period  la: 

Hay 

Grams. 
65.12 

Grams. 

Grams. 
1,363.70 

Grams. 

Feces 

25.85 
50.75 

54<).  98 

Urine ' 

112. 15 

Brushings ' 

0.60 

3.69 

Methane : 

,50.98 

Carbon  dioxid 

1,079.03 

Balance 

12.08 

429.13 

. 

77.20 

77.20 

1,792.83 

1,792.83 

Period  16; 

Hay 

65.  12 

1,363.70 

Feces 

25.85 

50.  75 

0.60 

,546.98 

Urine 

111.61 

Brushings 

3.69 

Methane 

48.74 

Carbon  dioxid ' 

1,092.38 

Balance 

12.08    

1 

439.  70 

77.20 

77.20 

1,803.40 

1,803.40 

Period  Ila: 

Hay 

112.06 

2,323.71 

Feces 

43.  45 
69.  a5 
0.60 

931.  83 

Urine 

168.76 

Brushings 

3.  69 

Methane 

68.48 
1.2.59.75 

Carbon  dioxid 

1 

Balance . 


113. 10         113.  10     2. 432.  51  i     2, 432.  51 


Period  116: 

Hay 

Feces 

Urine 

Brushings 

Methane 

Carbon  dioxid. 
Balance 


4.3.  45 
69.  05 
0.60 


1.04 


88.35 


931.  8.3 

168.76 

.^69 

6a  48 

1,239.30 


lia02         Hi  02     2,412. 0t>       2,412.06 


28  THE   AVAILABLE    ENERGY   OF   BED   CLOVER   HAY. 

Tablk.  22.     Incomf  nnd  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon  per  day  and  head — Continued. 


i'ericHi. 

Nltrosm. 

Carbon. 

Inoome. 

Outgo. 

Inoome. 

Outgo. 

Pfrio.!  IIIo 

|{«V 

Oram*. 
9L47 

Oram*. 

Oramt. 
1. 911. 04 

Oram*. 

ML  44 

ea&s 
aao 

78a  05 

l'riiM>                      

141.80 

3.69 

57.27 



l,150l38 

Balanor             .               

&12 



22Z15 

97.59 

97.  S9 

2. 13a  10 

2. 131 19 

l-eriod  III6; 
Har 

91.47 

1,91L04 

3&44 
6a  55 

aeo 

7W.d5 

L'rine                                  

141.80 

3.eo 

Methane                

aa85 

Carl>on  dioxid              

1 

1,135.09 

Balancr      

6.12 

2ia44 

97.  M 

97.50 

2,12L48 

2. 121.  48 

GAIN    OK    PROTEIN    AND    FAT. 


Excliulinf^  the  hnishinp^s,  the  gaip  of  protein  and  fat,  which  was  of 
course  negative  in  every  in.stance,  has  been  computed  in  tlie  usual 
manner, u.sinj^  Kohler's"  fijijures  for  the  composition  of  the  nitrojjenous 
ti.ssiie  of  cattle,  namely,  nitroj^en  16.67  per  cent  and  carbon  !S2.')A 
\HT  cent.  In  other  words,  body  protein  is  e<juivalent  to  nitroj^en 
multiplied  by  6.  Tn  the  (omputation  of  fat  from  carbon  the  usual 
factor  (l..'i)  has  been  employed. 

Table  2;i. — Gain  of  protein  and/at  per  day  and  head. 


Penod. 


«"'         (NX6,. 


(iain  o(car>>on. 


Oram*. 

lo -12.0B 

16 12.0H 

IIo -   1.04 

llh -   I  04 

IIFo -  fl.I2 

III6 -  «  12 


Total. 


Oramt. 

-72. 4« 
-72.  4K 

-  «.24' 

-  6.24 


Oram*. 
-429.13 
-439.70 
-108.80 

-  >«.X> 
-:J6.  72  -222.  I.'. 
-■.».T2     -210.44 


As  pro- 
tein. 


Oram*. 
-.38.08 

-.■«.o« 

-  3.28 

-  3.28 
-H».29 
-in.  29 


Aafat. 


Oram*. 
-391.05 
-401.62 

-  M.07 
-202.86 
-191.15 


I    KqlliVH- 

ilent  Kain 

of  fat. 


Oram*. 
-508.4 
-.122.2 
-137.2 
-110.6 
-363.7 
-248.5 


Computed  pnersy  of  gain. 


I'rotciri. 


Fat. 


ToUI. 


CfUorie*.  i  Calorie*. '  Calorie*. 

-413.2  -4,829.8  I  -.'>.243.0 

-413.2  -4.960.H      -.'...{74.1 

-  35.6  -\,m\.*      -1.. 339.0 

-  35.6  -1.0.10.7  -l.a«6.3 
-209.3  -2. .105. 2  -2.714.5 
-209.3  -2.;«10.8  i  -2,.170. 1 


TIIK    BALANCE    OF    ENEROY. 

In  these  experiments  we  have  direct  determinations  of  all  the 
factors  of  income  and  outgo  of  energy,  except  the  potential  energy 
•  •f  the  methane  excreted  and  that  of  the  tis.sue  gained  by  the  animal, 
riw  ciHTg}-  of  the  methane,  however,  may  be  safely  computed  from 
it>  Mmouut.  its  Ih'hI  of  combustion  at  <<)nstant  pressure  })eing  l.'i..'M  t 
<  iilotiev  jM-r   ;.'rjiiii.      The  energy  of  the  gain  of  ti.ssue  by  the  auiiiml 


"Z«'it.  f.  Pliv.-iol.  ("hem..  .11.  479. 


THE  BALANCE  OF  ENERGY, 


29 


may  be  estimated  in  the  usual  way  from  the  computed  amounts  of 
protein  and  fat  given  above,  using  the  factors  5.7  calories  and  9.5 
calories  per  gram,  respectively.  Having  done  this,  we  are  in  position 
to  compare  the  income  with  the  outgo  of  energy,  and  thus  to  check 
to  a  considerable  extent  the  accuracy  of  our  experiments.  The  fol- 
lowing table  contains  such  a  comparison  for  each  period.  The  differ- 
ence between  income  and  outgo,  which  has  been  entered  in  the  table 
under  the  heading  "Error,"  shows,  of  course,  the  extent  to  which  our 
results  appear  to  deviate  from  those  required  by  the  law  of  the  con- 
servation of  energy. 

Table  24. — Balance  of  energy  per  day  and  head. 


Period  I. 

Period  II. 

Period  III. 

Income. 

Outgo. 

Income. 

Outgo. 

Income. 

Outgo. 

Series  a,  at  19°  C: 
Hay 

Calories. 
13,170.7 

Calories. 

Calories. 

22,557.7 

Calories. 

Calories. 
18,535.1 

Calories. 

5,403.3 

1,046.4 

41.3 

908.9 

10,910.9 

9,132.0 

1,522.3 

41.3 

1,221.0 

11,434.9 

7,666.1 

Urine 

1,247.2 

41.3 

1,021.0 
10, 723. 6 

Heat 

Loss  by  body- 

413.2 
4,829.8 

35.6 
1,303.4 

209.3 
2,505.2 

Fat. 

102.9 

545.2 

550.4 

18, 413. 7 

18,413.7 

23,896.7 

23, 896. 7 

21,249.6 

21,249.6 

Series  6,  at  13.5°  C: 
Hay 

13, 170. 7 

22,557.7 

18,535.1 

5,403.3 

1,046.4 

41.3 

868.9 

11,736.3 

9,132.0 

1,522.3 

41.3 

a  1,221.0 

11,317.6 

7,666.1 

Urine...     . 

1,247.2 

41.3 

Methane . 

1,084.8 

Heat 

1 

10,874.6 

Loss  by  body — 

413.2 

4,960.9 

551.4 

35.6 
l,a50.7 

209.3 
2,560.8 

Fat 

Error 

409.8 

191.2 

t 

19,096.2 

19,096.2 

23,644.0  j 

23,644.0 

21, 105. 2 

21,105.2 

'<  Assumed  to  l)e  the  same  as  in  Period  Iln.    See  p.  19. 

With  the  exception  of  Periods  la  and  III6,  the  agreement  between 
the  results  computed  from  the  energy  balance  and  those  computed 
from  the  balance  of  carbon  and  nitrogen  is  much  less  satisfactory 
than  in  previous  years.  A  direct  comparison  of  the  gains  or  losses, 
however,  is  somewhat  misleading,  because  all  the  errors  of  tiie  experi- 
ments are  concentrated  in  a  single  relatively  small  number.  It 
seems  on  the  whole  fairer,  therefore,  to  compare  the  total  heat  pro- 
duction as  measured  with  that  computed  from  the  balance  of  carbon 
and  nitrogen,  as  has  been  done  in  the  following  table: 


30  THE    AVAILABLE    ENERGY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 

Tahi.k  'AS.-    Ural  pnxiuction  ptr  day  arul  liftui. 


Com- 

Computod. 

Obwived. 

pated-4-ob> 
seryod. 

Oalofie*. 

Calpriet. 

Per  cent. 

11,012.9 

10,9ia9 

100.9 

11,184.9 

ll,7a&3 

96.3 

11,960.1 

11,434.9 

104.8 

11,727.4 

11,317.6 

103.  C 

11,274.0 

10, 723. « 

105.1 

ii,oa&.g 

10,874.6 

101.8 

la  .. 
16  . 
Ila.. 
116  . 
Ilia 
illb 


The  coinput^Hl  heat  production  exceeds  more  or  less  that  actually 
observed  in  ever}'  instance  but  one.  This  is  practically  equivalent 
to  saving;  either  that  the  results  for  the  carbon  excretion  are  too  high, 
or  thos<'  for  heat  too  low,  or  else  that  some  nonnitrogenous  body  sub- 
stance other  than  fat  was  being  oxidized.  As  regards  the  first 
alternative  it  may  be  said  that  according  to  the  results  of  our  alcohol 
check  tests  in  each  year  the  tendency  of  the  apparatus  seems  to  be  in 
precisely  the  op|X)site  direction,  viz,  to  give  results  slightly  too  low 
for  carbon  dioxid  and  too  high  for  heat.  As  regards  the  nature,  of  the 
body  substances  oxidized,  it  is  of  course  possible  that  it  may  have 
consisted  in  part  of  stored-up  carbohydrates  (glycogen)  which  would 
evolve  more  CO,  in  prop>ortion  to  the  energy  liberated  than  would  fat. 
It  is  hardly  possible,  however,  that  this  can  have  been  the  case  to  the 
large  extent  required  to  account  for  the  observed  discrepancies. 

It  should  be  noted  further  that  the  results  in  Periods  \\h  and  III6 

are  somewhat  uncertain,  owing  to  various  disturbances  during  the 

nins. 

DISCUSSION  OF  RESULTS. 


DIOESTIBILITY 


The  results  tabulated  in  Table  III  of  the  Appendix  and  summarized 
alsf)  under  the  .s<>veral  periods  are  brought  together  in  the  following 
table: 

Tabi.K  2().  —  I'rrrinta^f  iliijrstibilily. 


ConntitiM'titii  nnd  <>n<TK>° 


l>ry  matUr 

A«h 

'irKBtur  limttfr 

<  Pl.t'  ni.r 
Nitr'-K'n-fn'-  <xt  nut 
KtJi.-r  .  itntft 
Krwivy 


Poriod  I.   '  I'criod  II.  '  IVriwl  II 


Prr  cfni. 
61.41 
44.04 
02.70 

fA.  .Vi 

a  loano 

55.  .17 
68.05 
62.24 
A8.V7 


Per  cent. 
61.39 
40.92 
02.96 
.M.OK 
a  100.00 
.W.  97 
67.90 
64.08 
59.51 


Per  cent. 

7»\.  m 

62.43 
.'►3.  4« 
a  1011.  (10 
.W.  SI 
68.  .11 
fi.V  62 


Tlif  sHglit   (hfrcrences  iM-fwceii  the  .several  periods  at  test  tin*  accu- 
rarv  (if  this  purl  <»f  the  exiH'riment. 


DISCUSSION    OF    RESULTS. 


31 


METABOLIZABLE    ENERGY. 

The  term  metabolizable  energy  has  been  used  by  the  writers  to 
designate  that  portion  of  the  total  energy  of  the  food  which  is  capable 
of  conversion  into  the  kinetic  form  in  the  body.  In  this  sense  it  is 
equivalent  to  energy  of  food  minus  energy  of  excreta  or  to  what  is 
often  called  ''fuel  value." 

The  data  of  the  foregoing  pages  enable  us  to  compute  the  metab- 
olizable energy  of  the  rations  in  the  several  periods.  Before  doing 
so,  however,  a  certain  correction  is  necessary  in  the  energy  of  the 
urine.  For  example,  in  Period  I  the  animal  lost  12.08  grams  of  body 
nitrogen,  corresponding  to  a  loss  of  72.48  grams  of  protein.  Accord- 
ing to  Rubner's  results,  the  potential  energy  of  the  urine  is  increased 
by  about  7.45  calories  for  each  gram  of  urinary  nitrogen  coming 
from  the  oxidation  of  body  protein.  In  this  case,  then,  the  urine 
contained  approximately  12.08  X  7.45  =  90  calories  of  energy  not 
derived  from  the  potential  energy  of  the  food  but  from  that  of  body 
tissue.  It  is  plain,  then,  that  the  potential  energy  of  the  urine  must 
be  diminished  by  this  amount  before  it  is  subtracted  from  the  gross 
energy  of  the  food  in  order  to  get  the  true  metabolizable  energy  of  the 
latter.  The  corresponding  corrections  for  the  several  periods,  com- 
puted in  this  way,  are  as  follows :  . 

Table  27. — Energy  of  urine. 


Period. 

OhsprvPd    i     Gain  of 
Observed,     nitrogen. 

Equiva- 
lent inergy. 

Corrected 

energj-  of 

urine. 

Calories. 
-90.0 
-  7.8 
-4,5. 6 

I 

Calories. 
1,046.4 
1,522.3 
1,247.2 

Grams. 
-12.08 

-  1.04 

-  (i.  12 

Calories. 
956.4 

II 

Ill 

1,514.5 
1,201.6 

Using  these  corrected  values  the  metabolizable  energy  of  the  clover 
hay  fed  is  computed  in  the  following  table: 

Table  28. — Metabolizable  energy  of  clover  hay. 


Period  I. 


Feed.      Excreta. 


Calories. 

Hay i  13, 170.  7 

Feces 

Urine  (corrected ) 

Methane 

Metabolizable 


Calories. 


5, 403. 3 
956.4 


Period  II. 


Feed. 


Calories, 
22, 557. 7 

9, 132.  0 
1,514.5 

I "1,221.0 

5,922.1  ! 10.690.2 


Excreta. 


Period  III. 
Foodr    i  Excreta. 


Calorics.    Calories. 
'  18,535.1 


Calories. 


7, 666. 1 
1,201.6 
1.05.3.0 
S,  614.  4 


13,170.7     13,170.7     22,557.'; 


.',0,11 


18,535.1        18,535.1 


«  Period  I  la  onlv. 


The  relation  of  the  metabolizable  energy  to  the  amount  of  matter 
in  the  food  may  be  expressed  in  terms  of  calories  per  gram  of  the 


82 


THE    .WAILABLK    KNEROY    OF    RED    CT.OVER    HAY. 


total  or  of  the  tlij;esttHl  or»;anu'  inatt43r.     Coinputed  in  this  way  the 
result.s  are  as  shown  in  the  followinj;  table: 

T.\Bi.K  "i?*.-    Mrtaholizahlr  «»m/y  /xr  (jroni  of  irrijanic  vnittrr. 


IVrlol 


II.. 
III. 


Organic  inattor  of  hay. 

Metabolital>le  pnerg}'. 

Total. 

nigt'BUvl. 

Orami. 
1,7IZ0 
2,939.0 
2,407.0 

ToUl. 

Per  gram 
of  total 
organic 
matter. 

IV  r  i^ram 

of  (ligpst- 

Ible  organic 

matt«>r. 

Oram*. 
2,730.3 
4,008.0 
3.«5«.0 

Calorien. 
5,922.1 

io.oea2 

8,ftI4.4 

Calorie*. 
ZliiO 
2.290 
2.234 

Calorie*. 
.3.  400 
.1.037 
3.  .578 

The  motahoUzabie  enerjj:y  of  a  fee<liiig  stuff  may  also  ])e  cxpres.se(l 
as  a  percentage  of  the  total  or  gross  energy.  Such  a  percentage  is 
analogous  to  a  digestion  coefficient,  so  that  if  an  average  value  for  it 
were  established  for  any  particular  kind  of  feeding  stufT  the  amount 
of  metabolizable  energy  in  a  given  amount  of  it  could  be  computed 
from  its  total  energy  by  multiplication  by  this  coeflif-ient,  just  as 
the  digestible  dr^'  matter  or  organic  matter  can  be  computed  from 
the  total  amount  present  by  the  use  of  a  digestion  coefficient.  The 
first  half  of  the  following  table  shows  the  percentage  of  the  total 
energy  which  escaped  in  the  several  excreta  or  which  was  metabolized 
in  the  animal's  body,  while  the  second  half  of  the  table  shows  the 
same  relations  based  upon  the  energy  of  the  digested  matter. 

Table  30. — Lytstributton  of  energy  of  clover  hay. 


Energy. 

Orods  energ>'. 

Energ>'  of  digested  matter. 

Period  I. 

Period  II. 

Per  cent. 
40.49 
a  72 
.141 
47.  .38 

Period  in. 

Average. 

Period  I. 
Per  cent. 

Period  II. 

Period  III. 

.VviTage. 

Per  cent. 
41.03 

7.25 
a  75 
44.97 

Per  cent. 
41.31 

0.48 
.5.68 
4*1.48 

Per  cent. 

40.96 
6.81 
.5.95 

4«i.2S 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  rent. 

In  tiriw 

In  rrn'thnnr. . .  . 

M<>t«t>o|iM)l|p  . 

12.30 
11.44 
70. 20 

100.00 

11.2S 
9.09 
79.  t>3 

il.a5 

9.09 
79.20 

11.. 54 
10.07 
7H.39 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00             100.00 

100.00 

IN'FU'ENCK    «)F    TEMPER  VTIHK    f)\    HEAT    PROnrCTK  >\. 

:Vs  state<l  in  the  introduction,  oiu^  of  the  i)uq)oses  of  the  cx])cri- 
ment  was  to  observe  tlie  clfeit  of  tciii])erature  upon  the  total  nictab- 
olism.  so  far  as  this  could  be  <lone  within  the  limited  range  of  the 
apparatus.  Two  series  of  respiration  experiments  were  made,  one 
at  I'.t'^  ('.  and  one  at  l.*i.5^  ('.,  these  b<>ing  (l«'si«.rnatcd  as  .series  d  and 
s^'Hes  //,  resj>e<-tively.  Tln«  results  have  already  been  given  in  the 
de-.rription  of  the  ex|)erinu'nt .  but  are  brought  together  here  for 
more  ctmvenient  coiupari.son. 


INFLUENCE    OF    TEMPERATURE    ON    HEAT    PRODUCTION. 


38 


Table  'M.- — Ileal  production. 


Period. 


I.. 
II. 
Ill 


Series  a,  at  19°  C. 


Series  b,  at  13.,5°  ('. 


Given  off  Given  off 


by  rad 
at  ion  and 
conduc- 
tion. 


as  latent 
heat  of 
water 
vapor. 


Correc- 
tion for 
water 
balance. 


Calories. 
8,084.1 
8, 731. 6 
8.074.3 


Calories.  Calories. 

2,320.7  -93.9 

2, 782. 9  -79.  7 

2, 718. 3  -69. 1 


Given  off  Given  off 

'  hy  radi- !  as  latent 

Total,     ation  and'   heat  of 

conduc-       water 

tion.     j    vapor. 


Correc- 
tion for 
water 
Ijalance. 


Calories. 
10, 910. 9 
11,434.9 
10. 723. G 


Calories. 
9, 994.  4  1 
9,100.3 
8,803.0  I 


Calories.  \  Calories. 

1.702.5  +  39.4 

1.973.5  +243.8 

2.049.5  +21.7 


Calories. 
11,736.3 
11,317.6 
10, 874. 2 


Tn  Period  Ih,  as  shown  in  Table  17,  the  animal  stood  constantly 
for  forty-eight  hours,  and  as  would  be  expected  the  heat  production 
appears  to  l)e  abnormally  high.  In  the  other  cases  the  difference  of 
5.5°  C.  in  temperature  seems  to  have  made  but  a  slight  difference 
in  the  total  heat  production. 

But,  while  this  is  true  as  regards  the  total  amount  of  heat  produced, 
the  difference  in  temperature  made  a  striking  difference  in  the  chan- 
nel of  excretion  by  which  the  body  rid  itself  of  its  heat.  A  much 
less  proportion  of  it  was  removed  as  latent  heat  of  water  vapor  and 
correspondingly  more  by  radiation  and  conduction  at  tlie  lower 
temperature,  as  is  shown  clearly  in  the  following  table,  based  on  the 
figures  for  heat  production  just  given.  The  correction  for  the  water 
balance  is  taken  as  representing  heat  stored  temporarily  in  the  body. 

Table  32. — Percentage  distribution  of  heat  produced. 


Series  a,  at  19°  C. 

Series  b,  at  13.5° 

C. 

Period. 

Given  off      Given  off 
by  radi-    ;   as  latent 
ation  and       heat  of 
conduc-          water 
tion.            vapor. 

Stored  in 
body. 

Given  off      Given  off 
by  radia-      as  latent 
tion  and         heat  of 
conduc-    1      water 
tion.            vapor. 

Stored  in 
body. 

I 

Per  cent.      Per  cent. 
79.59              21.27 
76.  .36  1            24.34 
75.29  ;            25.35 

Per  cent. 
-0.86 
-0.70 
-0.  04 

Per  cent.       Per  cent. 
85.16  1             14.51 
SO.  41                17.44 
.SO.  95               IS.  8,5 

Per  cent. 
0.3:5 

II 

2. 15 

Ill 

0.20 

The  relative  humidit}^  of  the  air  does  not  appear  in  this  case  to 
have  been  an  important  factor  in  bringing  about  the  marked  decrease 
in  the  evaporation  of  water  at  the  lower  temperatur(\  The  relative 
humidity  of  the  ingoing  and  of  the  outcoming  air,  and  also  the  aver- 
age relative  humidity  of  the  four  residual  samples  taken  at  the  end 
of  each  subperiod,  were  as  follows: 


34 


THE   AVAILABLE    ENERGY    OP    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 
Tahi-k  X\.     Relative  humidity. 


IVri.Kl. 


la  .. 
\\a  . 
lild. 
16  .. 
116  . 
III6 


Ingoing 

Outcoming 

•Jr. 

air. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

%Z 

28.2 

2.4 

32.1 

2.2 

30.6 

4.9 

29.9 

47 

33.8  i 

2.3 

31.2  ; 

1 

samples. 


Appari'ntly  tlu'  (lifroreiice  in  the  method  of  excretion  of  the  heat 
was  a  dire<'t  offiH-t  of  th«'  lower  temperature. 

NET    AVAILABLE    ENERGY. 

Both  our  own  observations  and  those  of  others,  notably  those  of 
Zuntz  and  his  associates,  have  shown  that  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  metabolizable  energy  of  the  food  may  be  consumed  in  those 
nKH-hanical  and  chemical  processes  incident  to  the  digestion  of  the 
foml  and  its  conversion  into  forms  fitted  to  nourish  the  body,  or 
may  otherwise  be  converted  into  the  form  of  heat,  and  so  not  be 
directly  available  to  make  good  the  losses  of  potential  energy  from 
the  body  caused  by  the  vital  processes.  The  portion  of  the  metab- 
olizable  energy  remaining  after  subtracting  the  portion  thus  ex- 
pended represents  the  net  contribution  which  the  food  has  mad<'  to 
the  maintenance  of  the  stock  of  potential  energy  in  the  body.  This 
portion  of  the  energy  of  the  food  is  designated  as  net  available  energy. 
In  other  words,  it  is  energy  available  for  maintenance. 

\s  explained  in  previous  bulletins,  the  availability  of  the  energy 
of  a  feeding  stuff  is  determined  by  a  comparison  of  the  losses  of 
energy  by  the  animal  in  periods  in  which  different  amounts  of  the 
fee<l  in  question  are  consumed.  In  this  experiment  three  different 
amounts  of  clover  hay  were  fed  to  the  animal,  and  consequently  a 
comparison  of  the  three  perio<is  should  give  us  two  results  regarding 
availjil)iiity  in  Series  a  and  two  in  Series  h. 

The  loss«'s  of  protein  and  fat  by  the  animal  »us  tabulated  on  preced- 
ing pages  do  not  take  account  of  the  amounts  of  matter  and  energy 
containe<l  in  the  brushings,  which  are  tabulate*!  separately.  It  is 
<l«'ar.  however,  that  these  ought  to  be  included  in  a  computation  of 
availability,  sime  a  |)ortion  of  the  energy  of  the  food  was  expended 
in  their  pnxluction.  Kurtln'miore,  since  the  metabolizable  energy 
of  th«>  food  lijis  been  correcte<l  in  Table  27,  for  the  gain  or  lo.ss  of 
nitrogrn  by  the  animal,  the  figures  for  the  gain  or  loss  of  eiigerv 
^liMiild  Ix'  .siniilarily  corrected  by  adding  to  the  gain  (i.  e.,  subtracting 
from   the  lo>sj    7.1.',  calories  for  cjkIi  gram  of  nitrop'n  lost  by  the 


AVAILABILITY    OF    ENERGY. 


35 


animal.  Indicating  gain  or  loss  by  the  mathematical  signs  +  and 
— ,  the  corrections  and  the  corrected  gains  were  as  shown  in  the 
following  table: 

Table  34. — Corrected  gains. 


Gain  ac- 
cording to 
previous 
tables. 


("omputed  from  balance,  of  nitrogen  and  carbon:  Calories. 

Period  la -5,243. 0 

Period  IIo - 1,339. 0 

Period  Ilia : -2,714.  5 

Period  lb j  -5,374. 1 

Period  lib - 1,086.  3 

Period  III6 -2,570.1 

('omputed  from  balance  of  energy : 

Period  la -5,140.1 

Period  I  la -    793.8 

Period  Ilia  . . . : • -2,164. 1 

Period  16 '  -5,925.  5 

Period  116 x -     676.5 

Period  III6 j  -2,378.9 


Correction  for —    j 

Corrected 

Gain  of         gain. 


Brush- 
ings.        protein. 


Calories. 
+  41.3 
+  41.3 
+  41.3 
+  41.3 
+  41.3 
+  41.3 

+  41.3 
+  41.3 
+  41.3 
+  41.3 
+  41.3 
+  41.3 


Calories. 
+90.0  I 

+  7.8  I 
+  45.0  i 
+  90.0  ! 
+  7.8 
+  4.5.6 

+  90.0 
+  7.8 
+  45.6 
+90.0 
+  7.8 
+  45.6 


Calories. 
-5,111.7 
-1,289.0 
-2,627.6 
-5,242.8 
-1,037.2 
-2,483.2 

-5,008.8 

-  744. 7 
-2,077.2 
-5,794.2 

-  627. 4 
-2,292.0 


As  already  noted,  there  was  no  marked  difference  between  Series 
a  and  Series  h  as  regards  heat  production  or  loss  except  in  Period 


> 

5 

0 

S 

1 
FffOM  £N£H6r 

C5 

BALANCE >^ 

t-S£/f/£S    *W 
>^Ai'£flAS£     < 
•^Jf/C/fJ    a} 

s 

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si 

t^ 

/-' 

2 

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Q. 

y . 

<^AI/£flAS£ 

V. 

' 

' 

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y-S£KI£S    a  M 
ffion  canon) 

si 

'ly^     ''  .^^^ 

9/1  LANCE •' 

^ 

- 

,'jr     --:v^' 

^ 

-2000 

-'Jf^  i>^' 

y^\'y^ 

^ 

'^t 

''/> 

y^^ 

li^ 

//  ''/. 

' 

"il 

/X  'X'' 

> 

-3000 

It  1   y 

nI 

> 

r    y 

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,y 

^C 

S 

/Xj^ 

^ 

yy 

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t 

' 

^ 

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S£ff/£S  O^ 
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S£f>l£S    b^ 

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6000 

7000 

SOOO         9000        /oooo 

//ooo 

_ 

M£  TABOL  /Z/JBL  E 

ENERGY     rC/1  L  Ofi/£<SJ 

Diagram  2.— .Vvailability  of  energy. 

16.  In  this  period  for  some  reason  the  animal  refused  to  lie  down 
at  all.  It  is  presumably  in  consequence  of  this  fact  that  the  observed 
heat  production  was  considerably  higher  than  in  the  corresponding 


:^i\ 


IMF.    AVAII.ABI.K    F.NEROY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 


IVriiMJ  [ti,  altlioutrh  this  is  not  tnio  of  the  heat  production  as  r.om- 
putinl  fnun  the  halance  of  nitro«jeii  and  carbon.  If  we  arbitrarily 
n-jtHt  P«'ri«Ml  I/>  as  having  been  under  abnormal  conditions  and  plat 
the  tiata  of  the  remaining  exp<'rinients  as  in  previous  bulletins,  we 
have  the  results  for  the  two  series  separately  and  for  their  average, 
which  are  shown  in  Diagram  2.  ^V^lile  the  losses  as  computed  from 
th«'  rarbon  and  nitrogen  balance  are  greater  than  those  deduced 
from  the  energy  balance,  the  average  results  of  Series  a  and  Series  h 
are  (piite  closely  parallel. 

If.  t)n   the  other  hand,  again  omitting  the  results  for  energy  of 
Period   I/»,  we  average  for  each  series  .separately  the  results  as  com- 


Hi 

0 
-1000 
-2000 
-3000 

y 

\ 

> 

X 

^ 

/ 

^ 

/^ 

i 

y 

1 

-^000 
-SOOO 

/ 

' 

Jer/esh 

/ 

r 

T 

0- 

V. 

/ 

^ 

6000          7000         8000           9000         10000         IIOOO 

M£TABOL/Z/]BLE     ENERGY      fC/^LOR/ESJ 

\n  viiRAM  :t       \  viMtt'-  ri-MiIt^  of  rarlxtn  iiikI  nitrogen  ami  ••iHTjty  luilurui'!*. 

puted  from  the  carbon  an<l  nitrogen  balance  and  those  computed 
from  th<'  I'luTgy,  we  havj-  thr  results  shown  in  Diagram  .',  which 
Mj^iiiii  cxprcssi's  the  fact,  alrca<ly  point«'d  out,  that  a  v«t\  >hgbt 
dKbrcn**'  was  shown  iM'twccii  the  results  of  St'ries  t\  and  those  df 
S-ric^  //. 

A-  |»n\  i.)ii>ly  stated,  the  results  uf  the  calorimeter  exiH»riments 
V>  iitnl  11/;  were  not  jus  satisfactory  as  the  cithers.  In  both  cases 
the  l.iiliiiMe  nf  energy  was  obtained  for  twenty-four  hojirs  only, 
owMj-/  t..  \un..iis  disarrangements  of  the  apparatus,  and  in  subj)eriod 


AVAILABILITY    OF    ENERGY. 


87 


4  of  Period  lib  the  methane  determination  is  lacking.  On  the 
whole^  therefore,  we  incUne  to  attach  considerably  more  value  to 
the  results  of  Series  a  than  to  those  of  Series  h. 


CORRECTIONS    FOR    STANDING    AND    LYING 


The  average  number  of  hours  per  day  during  which  the  animal 
lay  down  in  the  several  periods  was,  as  shown  in  Tables  1 7  and  1 8 : 


Period  la,  3  houre,  12  minutes. 
Period  lla,  7  hours,  47  minutes. 
Period  Ilia,  9  hours.  8  minutes. 


Period  16, . 

Period  116,  2  hours,  17  minutes. 
Period  III6,  6  hours,  38  minutes. 


In  view  of  the  very  marked  influence  of  standing  as  compared 
with  lying  upon  the  metabolism  of  the  animal,  as  shown  in  all  our 
experiments,  it  is  evident  that  the  results  of  the  several  periods  are 
not  strictly  comparable.  Unfortunately,  the  data  available  for  com- 
puting a  correction  are  not  fully  sufficient,  because,  although  the 
variations  in  the  rate  at  which  heat  was  given  off  by  radiation  and 
conduction  are  shown  by  the  records  of  the  experiment,  as  sum- 
marized in  Tables  17  and  18,  the  apparatus  does  not  permit  similar 
determinations  of  the  rate  at  which  heat  was  carried  ofl"  as  latent 
heat  of  water  vapor. 

The  best  approximation  which  is  available  appears  to  l)e  that 
outlined  in  Bulletin  51  of  this  Bureau,  page  38.  This  consists  in 
assuming,  on  the  one  hand,  that  the  rate  of  elimination  of  water 
vapor  varied  at  the  same  rate  as  that  of  the  radiation  of  heat, 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  that  it  was  unaffected  by  the  position 
of  the  animal.  It  would  seem  that  these  two  hypotheses  may  be 
fairly  regarded  as  representing  the  extremes  of  probable  A'ariation, 
and  if,  as  appears  to  be  the  case,  the  results  when  corrected  on  these 
two  hypotheses  are  substantially  concordant,  we  shall  be  inclined  to 
regard  them  as  probably  correct. 

In  place  of  computing  the  metabolism  for  the  entiie  twenty-four 
hours  either  standing  or  lying,  as  was  done  in  Bulletin  51,  we  iiave 
preferred  in  this  case  to  compute  the  results,  on  the  two  hypotheses 
above  stated,  to  a  uniform  period  of  seven  hours  passed  lying  down. 
The  method  of  computation  may  be  illustrated  by  the  results  of 
Period  la.  In  this  period,  as  appears  from  Table  19,  the  average 
rate  at  which  heat  was  given  off  by  radiation  and  conduction  and 
brought  out  of  the  calorimeter  in  the  water  current  was: 

Standing,  6.2700  calories  per  nunutc. 
Lying,  4.4747  calories  per  minute. 


3H  THK    AVAILABLE    ENERGY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 

If  the  animal  had  lain  down  for  seven  hours  out  of  the  twenty- 
four,  the  total  heat  given  off  through  these  channels  would  have 
Ix^en : 

Standing  17  houn*.  (5.2700  <*aloriw  X  1,020=6,395.4  calories. 
I.vintr         7  houn*.  4.4747  calorijw  X      420=1.879.4  caloriw. 

Total  24  hours 8.274.8  raloriow. 

The  heat  actually  carried  off  as  latent  heat  of  water  vapor  in  this 
jx»ri«>«l  was  2.320.7  calories,  and  constituted  21.09  per  cent  t)f  the 
total  heat  emission.  Upon  the  first  hypothesis,  then,  the  total 
heat  emission  would  have  been: 

''*"^-'***=  10,480.4  calories. 
0.7891 

Upon  the  second  hy|>othesis,   that  of  unchanged  elimination  of 
water  vapor,  the  total  heat  emission  would  have  been: 
8.274.84-2,320.7  =  10,595.5  calories. 

To  fmd  the  actual  heat  production,  the  above  figures  must  be  cor- 
rected as  in  Table  21  for  the  results  of  the  water  balance,  the  cor- 
rection in  this  i)eriod  being  —93.9  calories.  Accordingly  the  heat 
production  computed  for  Period  la  on  the  assumption  that  the 
animal  lay  do\ni  for  seven  hours  is : 

On  the  firet  hyix)thi^iK.  10,392.5  calories. 
(in  the  Herond  hypotheses,  10, .501. 6  calori<t<. 

Identical  computations  for  the  other  |x»riods  give  the  results 
stated  in  the  following  table.  In  the  case  of  Period  I/>  of  course  no 
data  are  available  for  such  a  computation. 

Table  3.^.     Computed  hat  production — Seven  honrt  lyiruj. 


On  the  (^rut 


On  thn  »pc- 


1  Calorie*.  Caioriff. 

\a 10,.1fl2. 0  '        10.  .Wl. «. 

1 1  a 1 1 .  .V*).  (t  1 1 .  .Ml.  .i 

Mia 11,083.  •->  I0,(l»2.  •.' 

116 10,983.6  11,0«.  J 

1116 10,82«.7  10.83.5.1 


The  corresponding  (negative)  gain.s  by  the  animal — computet!,  of 
course,  from  the  energy  results,  since  we  have  no  corresponding  (hitti 
for  the  carbon  and  nitrogen  balance-  would  be  as  shown  in  the  f< al- 
lowing table,  in  which  the  corrections  for  the  bni.shings  and  for  the 
t;aifis  f)f  protein  have  been  included  in  the  same  manner  as  in 
Table  :vi: 


AVERAGE    RESULTS    OF    ENERGY    BALANCES.  39 

Table  36. — Computed  gains — Seven  hours  lying. 


Period. 

On  the  first  ^^  "^^r"" 
hypothesis,    p-a 

la 

Calories.       Calories. 
—4. 489.  9         -  4.  .799. 5 

Ua 

—    890. 7                 StWi..-? 

Ilia..                   .....                                               .          . 

-2. 436.  8 

-    293.4 

—2, 244. 1 

-2, 34.5.  8 

lib 

"     353. 0 

III6                              

—2  252  5 

^ 

0 

«2 

s 

V, 

c^ 

iSenesb 

^ 

Ci 

/ 

^ 

V, 

y 

-/OOO 

IS 

/ 

/ 

Series  a 

tl 

/ 

y 

^ 

s. 

' 

x> 

y 

Nl 

// 

^ 

/x 

-2000 

y 

'V^ 

1 

^/ 

^ 

^ 

'^ 

X 

.^ 

"ll 

, 

'/ 

^ 

-3000 

<> 

sL 

y^^ 

s' 

,''^r 

s 

^y 

y 

i 

Nj 

-^000 

•  X 

^y 

<5i 

X 

^ 

^ 

> 

>^ 

<^ 

<^ 

4: 

^ 

V 

^ 

—sooo 

«t 

<^ 

N^ 

^ 

ki 

<0 

«*. 

Q. 

eOOO          7O00          8000 

S>000       /oooo 

flOOO 

M£T/iBOL/Z/JBLE    ENERGY 

fC/JLOR/ESJ 

Diagram  4.    Average  results  from  energy  balances  computed  to  17  hours'  standing. 

The  averages  of  these  results  compared  with  the  amounts  of  met- 
abohzable  energy  suppHed  in  the  feed  are  expressed  graphically  in 
Diagram  4  and  are  computed  numerically  in  the  following  table, 
which  includes  also  the  amounts  of  total  and  of  digested  organic 
matter  consumed  by  the  animal  in  each  period. 


40  THE    AVAILABLE    ENERGY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 

Tahi-k  M.     Availability  of  metabolizablf  fnergy. 


,«<*rlfi«  hikI  jwriiM. 

Orjtnnir 

ToUI. 

Orfimi. 
2. 730. 3 
1.125.7 

niHtter. 

nigesti- 
ble, 

Oram». 
2.407.0 
1.712.0 

MeUbo- 
It  cable 
energy. 

Calorie  f. 
8.614.4 
5.922.1 

On  flwt  hypoth- 
esis 

On  second  hy- 
pothesis. 

Aven 
Gain. 

«e. 

Gain. 

AvaUa- 
blUty. 

Peru. 

Gain. 

Caloriet. 
-2,346.8 
-4,609.5 

Avail*- 
bUlty. 

Peret. 

AvaiU- 
blllty. 

.•Vrie.i  0 

ivnod  111 

IVri.«I  I 

Calories. 
-2.436.8 
-4.489.9 

Calorit$. 
-2,301.3 
-4,644.7 

PfTCt. 

l»iftrn>iMi'. . . 

ties.0 

2.602.3 

2.053.1 

76.28 

2,253.7  1    83.71 

2.153.4 

79.99 

IVrt.xl  11 

IVrl.xl  III 

4.Hf«.0 

a.ssao 

2.J«39.0 
2. 407. 6 

10,690.2 
8.614.4 

-890.7 
-2,436.8 

-    966.3 

-2,345.8 

-  878.0 
-2,391.3 

I)lfIrreiM"n. . . 

S12.0 

531.4 

2.075.8 

1.546.1 

74.48 

l,48a6 

71.32 

i,sia3 

72.90 

Series  6: 

I'eriwJ  11 

IVri<xl  Ml 

4.ri««.o 

3.  H5t'>.  0 

2.938.0 
2. 407. 6 

io.eM.2 

8.614.4 

-    293.4 
-2,244. 1 

-    363.0 
-2,252.6 

-  323.2 
-2,248.3 

DitTcn-nce... 

81Z0 

531.4 

2,075.8 

l,9Sa7 

93.96 

1,809.5  1    91.51 

l.W-S.  1 

<»2.74 

It  nuLst  be  admitted  that  the  re.sult.s  as  they  .stand  do  not  a])pear 
es]>e<ially  satisfact»)ry.  In  particular,  the  correction  to  a  unifonn 
I)eri(Kl  of  lyin^  has  the  effect  of  destroyinfj:  the  approximate  corre- 
spondence between  the  resiilt.s  at  different  temperatures  which  was 
indicated  by  Diaij^rani-s  2  and  .3.  The  corrected  results  show  ap]mr- 
ently  a  considerably  smaller  loss  by  the  animal  in  Period  life,  at  the 
l«»wer  temperature,  tliali  in  Period  Ila.  This  result  .seems  unlikely, 
and,  as  already  noted,  both  Periods  li  and  lift  were  not  altoj;ether 
sati.sfactory. 

Strictly  speaking,  the  results  should  be  corrected  also  for  differences 
in  the  weiirht  of  the  animal.  Our  apparatus  does  not  pennit  takintr  the 
wei;;ht  of  the  animal  durini;  the  respirati<ni  period,  but  the  wei<;ht  is 
taken  immediately  before  enterin*;  and  immediately  after  leaving 
the  calorimeter.  If  we  may  as.sume  that  the  average  of  the  last  two 
weights  before  the  respiration  period  and  the  first  two  succeeding 
it  represent  approximately  the  average  weight  of  the  animal  during 
the  trial,  we  have  the  following  as  the  live  weights  in  the  difTerent 
periods: 

Liif  in'u/hlK  nj  iiniiiKil  ilnriiiij  reninratiim  peritxlK. 


8«'rl<'f  <i.       SiTji'H  6. 


I     . 

II 

III 


Kilogmmf.  h'iloffrttmt. 

571.1  .Vi3.7 

.V«V  7  .'>7<V  0 

.ssn.  I  .V  A  H 


If  imisf  ])('  remembered,  iiowever,  that  these  variations  in  weight 
wire  d<Mibtles.s  due  to  a  <-onsiderable  extent  to  variations  in  the 
iiiiioiiiit  ..f  material  contiiiiird  in  the  digestive  tract  on  the  different 
t!iti..n~  We  ciiii  hardly  siippoM'  that  the  actual  radiating  surface  of 
flu-  l.ody  was  materially  different  in  the  different  periods,  although. 


HEAT  REQUIREMENT  OF  THE  ANIMAL.  41 

on  the  other  hand,  the  nietabohsm  incident  to  the  maintenance  of  the 
standing  position  would  naturally  be  greater  the  greater  the  weight 
of  the  animal,  as  was  indeed  found  to  be  the  case.  Any  probable 
corrections  for  the  influence  of  the  live  weight,  however,  are  so  small 
as  to  be  insignificant  as  compared  with  other  sources  of  error  and  are 
therefore  not  taken  account  of  in  these  computations. 

HEAT    REQUIREMENT    f)F    THE    ANIMAL. 

If  we  confine  our  attention  to  the  results  of  Series  a  as  being  on 
the  whole  decidedly  more  satisfactory  than  those  of  Series  ?>,  we  have 
apparently  a  greater  average  availability  between  Periods  I  and  III 
than  between  Periods  III  and  II.  A  similar  result  was  noted  in  Bul- 
letin 51  in  the  results  computed  for  the  lying  position.  This  differ- 
ence was  there  interpreted  (page  57)  as  indicating  an  indirect  utiliza- 
tion by  the  animal  of  the  heat  resulting  from  the  digestion  and 
assimilation  of  the  light  ration.  This  view  assumes  that  at  a  given 
temperature  a  certain  minimum  amount  of  heat  is  required  by  the 
animal  organism  to  maintain  its  temperature,  and  that  if  this  amount 
of  heat  is  not  produced  by  the  ordinary  activity  of  the  internal  organs 
and  the  muscles  it  will  be  supplied  by  a  direct  combustion  of  food  or 
tissue  for  the  purpose  of  heat  production.  In  the  case  observed  in 
Bulletin  51  it  was  believed  that  when  the  animal  was  lying  down  the 
necessary  production  of  heat  aside  from  that  resulting  from  the  inges- 
tion of  food  was  insufficient  to  supply  the  demands  of  the  animal. 
On  the  heavier  ration  a  part  only  of  the  heat  resulting  from  the  work 
of  digestion  and  assimilation  was  required,  in  addition  to  that  pro- 
duced by  the  internal  work,  to  supply  the  demand  for  heat.  As  the 
amount  of  food  was  decreased,  however,  a  point  was  reached  at  which 
all  the  heat  produced  by  digestion  and  assimilation  was  Required  for 
this  purpose,  while  with  a  still  smaller  amount  of  food  a  portion  of  the 
animal  tissue  had  to  be  metabolized  to  supply  the  necessary  heat. 
At  or  below  this  point,  then,  the  entire  metabolizable  energy  of  the 
food  was  of  use  to  the  animal  and  the  apparent  availability  became 
100  per  cent,  represented  grai^liically  on  Diagram  III  of  Bulletin 
51  by  the  dotted  lines,  making  an  angle  of  45  degrees  with  the  coor- 
dinates. It  is  of  some  interest  to  apply  the  same  interpretation  to 
this  experiment  and  to  compare  the  results  obtained  with  those  found 
in  the  previous  experiment. 

In  the  experiments  of  1901-2  the  average  live  weight  of  the  animal 
in  Periods  A  and  B,  the  ones  to  be  compared,  was  -iOl.S  kilograms. 
The  computed  heat  production,  lying,  in  Period  A  was: 

On  the  Wmt  hypolln'sis 7,  !)20  calorics. 

On  the  second  h\^ioth(^sis S,  "250  calorics. 

Average S,  0S5  calories. 


42  TIIK    AVAILABLK    KNKBGY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 

This  avoragt'  amount  we  may  refjard  as  representing  the  minimum 
of  heat  recjuiretl  h\  the  animal. 

Ill  the  present  «'X|K>rinuMits  the  average  hve  weight  for  Periods  I 
and  111  was  '»74.;{  kilograms.  The  lieat  production  in  Period  la, 
computt'd  to  S4'ven  hours  lying,  was.  as  previously  shown: 

<  Ml  ili<-  lit>i  hyiHdhi-j^i.s 10,  392  <-alorio8. 

« »n  ilif  !^<<<iii<l  liyivithfsiH 10,  -WJ  calKri*^. 

A  v<r.»>r<' 10,  447  rulnrics. 

which  we  nuiy  regard  as  heing  the  minintum  recpiired  for  the  older  and 
larger  animal. 

It  s«'ems  to  be  fairly  well  estal)lishe<l  that  the  recpiirement  of  the 
animal  hody  for  heat  is  substantially  proportiomd  to  its  surface,  or, 
what  is  a|>proximately  the  .same  thing,  to  the  two-thirds  power  of  its 
volume  or  weight.  On  this  hypothesis  we  can  compute  from  the 
obs«'rve<l  results  the  |)robable  miniuHim  r<'<|uirement  of  an  animal 
weighing  .'>(M)  kilograms  as  follows: 

Hi  iirriiiiinl  nf  lUOt-J. 

Oil  I  111-  lii>i  liy|Mtlhcsis.  7. !>'_'»»  <-;iluricsX(  '  )"—!•■  I<i3  t-alorirs. 

V,401  .Hy 

On  tin-  srfund   h vim >! lu-sis.  H, _'.">()  caloricsXi  )*"•'.  •>t">  •■i>l'»ri"'^'- 

Avfmjfp 9,  SM  <•;»]( >ri«*H. 

.  Ivi  firri iiirnt  of  HtD.'i-.i. 

On  ih.-  fir*!  hvix.ih.-^'ir'.         lU.M't  in]i,TUf*xf^^     V  =  -'.  47H  cjilorii-s. 

V  o74.;iy 
On  thi- w<i»ii(l  hvixitlu-Ki.".  10. .")(>;<  <-ai<iri«'**Xi  '  )*=9,  .')7<i  (alori*'.". 

\  574. ;{y 

AviT.mf 9, .'127  «-iil(iri»'S. 

The  clo.s<>  agreement  of  the.s<'  figuH's  .seems  to  support  strongly  the 
view  advanc<'d  above,  namely,  that  on  the  lighter  ration  of  P«'riod 

I  the  aninud  was  consuming  its  own  tis.sue  for  beat  jiroduction  and 
that  up  to  a  point  between  this  and  the  ration  of  Period  III  the  food 
would  show  an  apparent  availability  of  100  per  cent.  In  otlier 
Words,  we  c<»nclude  lliat  the  availability  woubl  be  rej)re.s«'nted  appro.x- 
imately  by  the  dotted  line  in  Diagram  4.  The  point  at  whi<h  tlie 
relation  changes  is  indicated  on  the  diagram  at  X,  and  could,  of  cours<', 
b«'  roiiiputed  nuMierically  by  the  methods  of  amilytical  geom«'trv. 

If  thi>  interpretation  of  \]iv  results  is  correct,  the  lo.ss  of  ti.s,sue  in 
INriod  1//.  at  1.?..')  ('.,  shouhl  be  greater  than  in  Period  b/,  at  I'.J"  C, 
un<l.  as  a  matter  of  fa«t,  that  appears  to  be  the  tendency,  although  the 
n-^ult^  arc  uncertain.     On  the  same  hyj)othesis  the  lo.s,ses  in  I'ericxls 

II  und    111   should    be   tlie  same  at    both   temj>eraturcs.     Such  an 


MAINTENANCE    REQUIREMENT    OF    THE    ANIMAL.  43 

equality  was  observed  in  Period  ITT.  but  i>ot  in  Period  TT.  Tn  the 
latter,  as  already  noted,  the  loss,  computed  for  seven  hours  hnng, 
was  less  at  the  lower  than  at  tlie  higher  temperature. 

MAINTENANCE    REQUIREMENT    OF   THE    ANIMAL. 

Another  method  of  comparintr  the  results  of  the  two  experiments 
is  to  compute  the  maintenance  requirement  of  the  animal  for  a  uni- 
form weight  of,  say,  500  kilograms.  The  maintenance  requirement 
may  be  defined  as  the  amount  of  food  which  supplies  sufficient  avail- 
able energy  to  make  good  the  losses  incident  to  the  vital  activities 
of  the  animal.  Owing  to  the  varying  degree  of  availability  of  differ- 
ent foods,  the  total  weight  of  food — or  the  total  metabolizable 
energy — required  will  vary  with  the  feeding  stuff  used.  The  main- 
tenance requirement,  therefore,  is  most  logically  expressed  in  terms 
of  available  energy,  and  its  amount  will  be  found  gra))hically  by 
producing  the  line  representing  the  availa])ility  of  the  food  until  it 
intersects  the  vertical  -axis.,  Thp  distance  from  the  origin  to  this 
point  of  intersection  will  represent  the  maintenance  requirement  in 
terms  of  available  energy,  or,  in  other  words,  it  will  be  the  theoretical 
fasting  metabolism  of  the  animal  at  the  given  temperature.  Per- 
forming the  same  operation  arithmetically,  we  have,  on  the  basis  of 
the  average  results  of  Period  Ila,  the  following: 

(10,690  calories  X  0.729)-f878  calories=8,r)7l  calorics,  maintenance  requirement. 

For  the  experiments  of  1901-2  the  computation  is  not  so  simple, 
because  the  rations  employed  contained  in  each  case  400  grams  of 
linseed  meal,  a  material  whose  net  available  energy  has  not  yet  been 
determined.  Its  utilizable  energy  (production  value),  however, 
compared  with  that  of  maize,  as  computed  by  the  use  of  Ivellner's 
factors",  is: 

100  pounds  linseed  meal  =  78,929  calories. 
100  pounds  maize=88,847  calories. 

If  we  assume  that  the  net  available  energy  of  the  two  materials 
is  proportional  to  their  utilizable  energy,  we  may  compute  tiie  net 
available  energy  of  linseed  meal  per  kilogram  of  dry  matter  from 
that  of  maize,  as  given  in  the  first  table  on  page  40  of  Bulletin  74  of 
this  Bureau,  as  follows: 

78  9"^9 
2.679  caloriesXoo'o,-  =  2..'?81  calories  per  gram  of  dry  matter. 


a  Pennsylvania  Experiment  Station  Bulletin  71  prevised).  i)age  16. 


44  THK    AVAILABLE    KNKROY    <)K    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 

r|M>n  tlii.s  as.su  nipt  ion  the  nmintenanco  requirement  of  the  animal 
in  PericMls  A  and  B  t)f  tlie  ox|>eriment  of  1901-2  would  be  as  follows: 

Tami.k  .'<S.      '  'ompxttatwm  i>f  inaiiilmamr  ni/itirrnirnt  (urrtrding  to  rrperimnU  of  1901-2. 


nrvn,.*t.r  Netav»U- 
*•""•        per  gram. 

Ommt.        Calories. 

2. 879..'.              l.2«iK 

357.  H              2.3SI 

Net  avaU- 

able  energ)' 

of  ration. 

IVrio.1  A 

llav        

Cnlorifs. 
:i.tk52 

KS2 

2.578 

1 

7,063 

IVrifKl  » 

Jlav 

4.018.0  >            1.368 
:tM.7              2.381 

<l,0»7 

845 

I^ifw  from  l«»dv 

791 

MainteiiMiM-e (1,733 

AyfTtLge  tiiHinUnuuif* 0,908 


The  time  s|)ent  .standing;  in  the  experiment  of  1901-2  was,  on  the 
averatje  of  Period.s  A  and  B,  fifteen  hours.  This  does  not  differ  sufli- 
riently  from  the  .seventeen  hours  to  whicli  the  results  of  H)().'?  4  liave 
Imhmi  (oniputed  to  render  a  correction  neces.sary  for  the  purpos4'.s  of 
the  pres<Mit  a|)proximate  compari.son.  The  reduction  of  the  ahove 
fijTiires  to  a  live  weijjht  of  500  kilograms  gives  the  following  results: 

Exix-rim.-nt  <.f  190;i-^,  8.G71  cj\l«)rii'*iXrcg3  4  )  =7,824  oalori«'H. 
ExixTiiiuni  of  1901-2,  (5,908  caloriesXr^^g^^ =7,992  culorics. 

We  find,  then,  that  if  we  assume  that  the  results  obtained  by  com- 
paring Periods  II  and  III  represent  the  true  availability  of  the  clover 
hay,  an<l  that  the  divergent  results  obtained  by  the  compari.son  of 
Periods  III  and  I  can  be  explained  in  the  manner  just  detailed,  we 
obtain  results  which  are  closely  concordant  with  those  of  earlier 
exp<'riments  both  as  to  the  minimum  re(iuirements  of  the  animal  for 
heat  and  as  to  the  amount  of  available  energy  required  for  mainte- 
nance. In  spite,  therefore,  of  the  somewhat  un.satisfactory  nature 
of  the  experiment  there  .seems  good  rea.son  to  believe  that  the  avail- 
ability of  the  metaboli/able  energy  of  the  clover  hay  was  in  the 
neighborhood  of  7.'i  j)er  cent,  and  that  the  much  lower  figure  obtained 
in  the  previous  year's  experiment  was  erroneous.  The  latter  con- 
clusion is  further  .strengthene<l  by  computing  in  the  same  way  from 
the  rer^ults  ot  that  experiment  the  maintenance  recjuirement  of  the 
animal  in  terms  of  available  j'uergy.  A  computation  similar  to  that 
u-N«'d  above  gives  a.s  a  result,  for  the  live  weight  of  500  kilograms, 
■»,*.»<»7  calories.  This  result  is  so  nmch  lower  than  thos<»  computed 
from  the  other  two  experiments  as  to  be  almost  certainly  erroneous 
aiKJ  iji(licat«'s  ihnt  for  some  rea.son  the  loss  by  the  animal  in  Period 
II  of  the  e.xiM'riment  in  n>0.{  was  overestimated. 


DISTRIBUTION  ^OF    ENERGY    OF    VARIOUS    FEEDS. 


45 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    ENERGY. 

Using  the  above  corrected  figure  for  the  availability  of  clover  hay, 
we  may  derive  the  following  corrected  figures  for  the  percentage  dis- 
tribution of  the  energy  of  several  feeds  which  were  tabulated  on  pages 
44  to  46  of  Bulletin  74: 

Table  39. — Percentage  distribution  of  total  energy. 


Timothy 
hay. 

Clover 
hay. 

Meadow 
hay. 

Maize 
meal. 

In  feces 

Per  cent. 
48.90 
3.06 
3.79 
16.41 
13.10 
14.74 

Per  cent. 

40.96 
6.81 
.5. 9.5 

12.49 

1      33.79/ 

Per  cent. 
40.96 
.5. 71 
6.77 

}      27.'28{ 

19.28 

Per  cent. 
9.18 

In  urine 

3.83 

9.31 

Expended  in  digestion  and  assimilation 

17.23 

19.06 

Stored  as  gain  by  animal 

41.39 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

27.84 

33.79 

60.45 

Tabi.k  40.  -  Percentage  (listribation  0/  energy  of  digeMed  matter. 


Timothy 
hay. 

Clover 
hay. 

Meadow 
hay. 

Maize 
meal. 

In  urine 

Percent. 
6.00 

7.42 
32.10 
2.5.64 

28.84 

Per  cent. 
11.53 
10.08 

Per  cent. 
9.66 
1 1 .  57 

Per  cent. 
4.22 

In  methane 

10.2.5 

In  digestion  and  assimilation 

In  tissue  formation 

Stored  as  gain 

,       21.15  1      ^^ 
}      •^7.24{^       32, ;> 

18.97 
20.99 
45. 57 

100.00 

100.00         100.00 

100.00 

Available  for  maintenance 

54.49 

27.61 

66.55 

The  same  results  may  also  be  computed  in  calories  per  unit  of  dry 
matter,  using  the  percentages  of  the  above  tables  as  coefficients. 
The  total  or  gross  energy  of  the  materials,  taking  in  case  of  timothy 
hay,  clover  hay,  and  maize  meal  the  average  of  the  two  general  sam- 
pleSj  was  as  follows: 

T.MiLK  1 1.      Total  or  groan  energy  of  inatcriah. 


Timothy  hay 

Clover  hay 

Maize  meal 

German  meadow  hay. 


Per  Icilo- 

I'er  kilo- 

gram di- 

gram dr>- 

gested  or- 

matter. 

ganic 

Calorics. 

matter. 

Calorics. 

4,554 

0  4.382 

4,492 

t>  4,  476 

4,431 

c4,327 

4, 413 

4,437 

a  Preliminary  period,  steer  No.  1.      &  Average  of  Periods  I  and  II.       <•  Average  of  Periods  III  and  IV. 

On  this  basis  have  been  cortiputed  the  figures  of  the  tables  follow- 
ing, showing  the  total  energy  per  kilogram  of  dry  matter  and  its  dis- 
tribution in  accordance  with  the  percentage  figures  already  given. 


46 


THE   AVAIL.\BLE    ENERGY   OF    RED   (.LOVER    HAY. 


Takik  I'J.     Entrijy  prr  kilotjram  of  total  (hry  nuUter. 


I^Mrt  111  ft"***. 

l.<>iit  til  tihnp. . . 

I^>!il  ill  iiifthiiiir 

Kx|M-[ii|f«l  ill  <liK<>xtt<>i>  ttiiil  itii5lmkUtlnn 

K)i|M<iiitr<t  ill  tiiuiih'  (onittttion 

ijtortNl  luiKiiiii. 

Toml.. 

Availal<lc  (or  iiiHintt-niiiio 


Taiu.k  4:5.      Kiunjij  ptr  kihx/niin  (tf  digrstihlf  oryanir  mutter. 


Lost  ill  iiriiii' 

l-<>»t  ill  iiicthaiii- 

KxprmUvl  ill  i|i);c,<iiliin  un<i  liditiiiiilatioii 

Kx|M-ii<l<><l  in  tiiuiii<>  foniiation 

Slon>»l  as  guiii 

Total 

A vaiUlilc  (or  inaiiitonanc-<' 


Tlnmthy 
hay. 

Clover 
hay. 

Meadow 
hay. 

Maize 
meal. 

Calorie  ». 

262 

32.'> 

1,407 

1,124 

1.264 

4,382 

Calorirs. 
.')16 
4.51 
947 

}      2,562| 

Calorie  1. 
429 

!  'H 
1,4.% 

1,437 

Calorie  H. 
in;* 
44:i 

821 
.908 
1,972 

4,476 

4,327 

2,388 

2,562 

2,880 

Taking  the  fi<rur('s  for  timothy  luiy  as  unity,  the  rolativo  values  of 
these  four  f('t'(lin<;  stulFsarc  as  follows: 


Taki.k  II.      /{rlalitr  nibif«. 


APPENDIX. 


Table  I. — Live  vieight,  water  drunk,  and  excreta  of  animal  fed  on  clover  hay. 
[For  24  hours  ended  at  6.  p.  ni.  on  date  given.] 


Period  and 
date. 

Live 
weight. 

Water 
drunk. 

Feces. 

Urine." 

Period  and 
date. 

Live 
weight. 

Water 
drunk. 

Feces. 

irrine.o 

Period  I. 

Jan.,  1904. 

2 

Kilos. 
619.  5 
592.4 
597.0 
584.2 
586.1 
569.8 
577.  8 
582.7 
570. 8 
558.6 
jb  ,580. 8 
t'-577.6 

Kilos. 

0.0 
28.6 

8.0 
22.2 

0.0 
27.3 
21.0 

0.0 

0.0 
.34.7 

0.0 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Period  //  -Con. 

Feb.,  1904— Con. 

13 

14 

15 

16 

Kilos. 

.567.  6 

.565.  1 

573.  4 

16  577.6 

\c572.  4 

Kilos. 
22.1 
21.8 
14  0 
0.0 

'25.' 67" 

14.  46 

15.  60 

Grams. 
10,  im 
9,324 
10,645 

Grams. 
7,798 

3 

5, 977 

4 

1 ■"' 

8.278 

5 

8,81.5 
9,711 
8, 806 
8,100 

17 

7 

5.  484 

8 

18 

d  579.  3 

574  8 

5,  .305 

9::::  :  :. 

19 

6.  452 

10 

11 

1 



97,807 

142.  4 
51.6 

.,1... 

4.7 

1 

65.796 

1.1 

Spilled  in  calo- 
rimeter Felj. 
11 

Spilled  in  stall  1                1 
Feb.  13              ' 

.> 

13 

11.33 
.76 
23.9 
24.6 

8.5 

9.5 

0.0 

"3.554' 
11. 895 
25.8 

3,599 
,5,940 
5,425 
.5,335 
6,042 
.5,994 

4,034 
3, 125 
4,803 
11,635 
10, 002 
10,252 

14 

15.. 

d  USb.  3 
560.  5 
565. 1 
571.2 
562.6 
fft560.7 
\c557.2 

1() 

17 

18 

Spilled  in  calo- 
rimeter Feb. 
18 

Spilled  in  stall  1 

Fol).  19 '--- '-- 

5,746 
6,172 
6,609 
4,075 

6, 861 
3,724 
2,705 
4,650 

20 

Transition  pe- 
riod: 

Feb. 21 

22 

23 

24. 

25 

26. 

Period  III. 

Feb.,  1904. 
27 . . . 

571.2 
581.1 
,583.  5 
586.3 
586.1 
587.2 

27.2 
20.8 
20.1 
16.  9 
15.7 
22.  3 

21 

■■>•-> 

d.550.7 
546.2 

Total 

54,937 

109.1 
18.0 
1.2 

25.1 
36. 6 

62, 127 
95. 85 

230.96 
39.35 

Spilled  in  calo- 
rimeter Jan. 

14 

Dung    from 
duct  Jan.  14. . 

1 

590.  5 

585.7 
579.7 

579.  0 
581.0 
579.2 
575.1 
577.8 
567.8 
578.6 
/ft  572.  0 
1a590.8 

17.2 
12.9 
15.0 

18.5 
14  9 
11.4 
17.0 

2.3 
23.7 

2.0 
23.0 

Spilled  in  stall 
Jan.  16 

Spilled  in  calo- 
rimeter Jan. 

28 

21 

29 

Mar.,  1904. 
1 

Spilled  in  staU 
Jan.  22 

Transition  pe- 
riod: 

552.0 
560.4 
.571. 0 

576.8 
.582.8 
584.8 
594.9 



19.0 
19.8 
16.4 
18.8 
15.1 
25.6 
14.0 

9 

3 

4 

Jan. 23... 

24 

25.. 

t) 

26 

1 

27 

s 

9 

28...   . 

29 

5.205 
16.020 

1.4 
22. 2 

7.8 
l().l 

is.'imV 
11.200 

14.4 

7,3()(i 
6,504 
8,082 
7,768 
7.810 
7,710 
<;,392 
8,449 
7,385 
8,2,87 

4.  ;70 

10 

11 

12 

d  58,3. 6 
,573.  8 
.560.2 
5()9.  8 
564.  2 
567.  4 

(/5<>9.2 
5«12. 2 

4,697 
5. 287 
4.735 

Period  II. 

.507. 8 
597.  4 

,596.  2 
.59().  4 
.584.  6 
,594.  9 
.594.  8 
.584.2 
589.3 
585.0 
fi  597.  2 
V584.5 

1.3.0 
40.8 

25. 2 
.5.4 
29.1 
19. 5 
6.2 
22.  8 
13.9 
11.3 

Jan.,  1904. 

i:i 

4  452 

30 

14 

15 

'■[3. 097] 

31..    .. 

4,707 

Fol).,  lfH)4. 

1 

16 

17 

4.t)57 
4, 735 

IS 

5.o;« 

3 

Tot  ill 

1 

75,693 
37. 0 

46. 175 

Spilled  ill  cnlo- 
riiii(>t('r  Mar. 
10 

\\:.':. 

7 

8 

::;:;::: 

Spilled   ill  stall 
Mar.  14 

141 

1,5.4 
11.952 
17.  470 
12. 1 

Siiilled  ill  calo- 
rinioter  Mar. 
17 

20.  6 

10 

12, 165 
10,807 
8, 725 

5,446 
5,825 
7,4(» 

11 

d, 587.1 
578. 1 

12 

i                 1 

1  Including  wash  water. 
b  Taken  at  7.30  a.  m. 
c  Taken  at  1  p.  m. 


d  Taken  at  6  p.  m. 
«  Small  loss  of  urine. 


47 


48  THE    AVAILABLK    ENERGY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 

T  A  H  I.  K   11.—^  'nmposition  of  dry  matter  of  feces. 


fonnUtiirntii  »n<l 


ivriod 
I. 


I'priod 
II. 


I'er  cent.   Per  cent. 


Ash 

I'niU-in  (N  X  i>.25i 
CtxuW  fliwr 

Imot 

Kiher  pitnirt  .     . 


ia03  { 
14.25  I 
X2.M 

30.M 


14.  Ot) 
ai.ftS 

39.91 
3.x 

loaoo 


Period 
III. 


Percent. 
10.99 
14.01 
33.86 

38.21 


Constltuenta  and 
energy. 


Total  nitrogen  . . 
I'rnt<>id  nitrogen  , 

Carbon 

Hydrogen 


Period 
I. 


Percent. 
Z38 
Z08 

48.29 

a  07 

Calories 


Period 
II. 


Period 
III. 


Percent. 
2.24 
2.06 
48.03 

6.  15 
Calorie* 


Ilrtat  of  combustion 


per  gram,  per  gram. 
4,770.4  1    4,707.0 


Percent. 

I  Z24 

1.97 

I  47.94 

I         .  fi.  23 

Caloriti 

perffram. 

4,711.4 


Tabi.k  III. — Digestibility  of  rations. 


Hay  . 

F«T»>!.. 


Digeated. . 
CorfBclPnt, 


I  i>ry 
;  mat- 
I    tor. 


Ai«h. 


Or- 

ganic 

Pro- 

mat- 

teidR. 

ter. 

Non- 
pro- 
teids. 


Cnidc 
fiber. 


Nitro- 
gen- 
free 
ex- 
tract. 


Ormf.  <}rmit.\  Orm».  Orms.  Grmg.  Orms.'  Orms 
■2.Ka.3     203.0,2,73r).3     ;15S.2     30.6     834.81,403.0 
1,131.0      11.1.6|l, 018.3     161.4 372.6     448.3 


p.ct 


1.801.4 
61.41 


80.4  1,712.01     193.8     39.6 
44.04     62. 7W    &4. 56100.00 


/Vriorf  //. 


liny 


.'>,or..3     .•«7. 3  4, 668.0'    .MM.O     81.9 
1,W«.  I      211.1  1,729.0     272.8... 


I  Mgeiiteil .  . 
•  'oefncient, 


.3,n»<r>.2      146.22,a39.(>     .321.2     81.9 

[..rt.      61.30|     40.921     62.96,     .Vl. 08 100.00 


lUy.. 
Krren. 


3.13,856.ffl 


4.139.1  283.13,836.0^    490.1! 

1.627.2  178.81,448.41     228.0. 


462.2 
55.37 


954.8 
68.05 


1,408.12,411.1 
619. 9i     774.2 


788.2  1,636.9 
5.5.97     67.90 


60.0 


I  >iKe8te<l . 

<VK.fflrient.p..t.      60.68.    36.831     62.43 


2,511.9      104.32,407.6,     262.1:     60.0 


ft.    36.83     62.43^    .53.481 


1,193.01 
551.0 


100.00     53.81 


Kther 

ex- 
tract. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Car- 
bon. 


Ener- 
gy- 


Ormt.   Orm*.    Orms.     Cat*. 
97.7       6.5.2    1,366.1  l.l,  170.7 
36.9       Z5.9       ,547.0   .5.403.3 


60.8       39.3 
62.24,    60.36 


172.9 

62.  i: 


819.1    7,767.4 
59.96,      58.97 


112.5   2.323.7  22.5.57.7 
43.5;      931.8,  9,132.0 


110.8;      69.0   1.391.913,425.7 
64.08^    61.37       .59.89       59.51 


138. 7j 
47.7, 


91.2 
36.4 


91.0 
6.5.62 


54.8 
60.08 


1,911.0 
980.0 


1,131.0 
59.18 


18,535.1 
7,666.1 


10,869.0 
.58.64 


Tahi.k  IV.     HmiillH  on  iiriiir  (inrlusire  of  wash  water). 


lMUilr..II«>rl«J 

Hiilly  iiv<-rag<-  (lO'Uyiii 


I  Aver-  '  I  Energy. 

age     ,  I  —      

W«'lghi.|  speciflc  Total  nitrog»'n.l  Total  carbon.    !  p„- m,,. 

grav-  I  _L_.  ToUl. 

itv.  ! 


gram. 


Oram*.  Per  cl. 

.i«2, 157      i 0.81.1 

,    (1,21.5.7  I  l.(07«      


r<ii«|  «olU«n«l 65.796  l-O-SO 

hally  nvprag<<  riodaym «,579.«      l.fMIl    

Prrivl  III 

Total  cf.l|.<-ti-.l 

r>i»ily  «vrr«g»>  (Ktilaym  . 


4«.iili.        I.J»9 

4.»ifil.«.      1.04.'i2    


OravM. 
507.  .M 
50.75 


Per  ct.  I  Oram*.  \  Calorie*.  *  Calorie*. 

1.797    1,121.48    

*     112.15  l«7.ti       1,046.40 


690.5         2.566    1,«»J7.6      

60.05    168.7»i  231.4       1.322.25 


«i05.5    ,    :i.04U    1,418.0    i 

60.65    1     141.80  a87.6'     1,247.16 


APPENDIX. 
Table  V. — Residual  air. 


49 


Period. 


Period  la. 

At  end  of  preliminary  run. 

At  end  of  subperiod  1 

At  end  of  subperiod  2 

At  end  of  subperiod  3 

At  end  of  subperiod  4 

Period  I  la. 

At  end  of  preliminary  run. 

At  end  of  subperiod  1 

At  end  of  subperiod  2 

At  end  of  subperiod  3 

At  end  of  subperiod  4 

Period  Ilia. 

At  end  of  preliminary  run . 

At  end  of  subperiod  1 

At  end  of  subperiod  2 

At  end  of  subperiod  3 

At  end  of  subperiod  4 

Period  lb. 

At  end  of  preliminary  run . 

At  end  of  subperiod  \ 

At  end  of  subperiod  2 

At  end  of  subperiod  3 

At  end  of  subperiod  4 

Period  lib. 

At  end  of  preliminary  run. 

At  end  of  subperiod  1 

At  end  of  subperiod  2 

At  end  of  subperiod  3 

At  end  of  subperiod  4 

Period  Illb. 

At  end  of  prelimLnary  run. 

At  end  of  subperiod  1 

At  end  of  subperiod  2 

At  end  of  subperiod  3 

At  end  of  subperiod  4 


Liters 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 


Mm. 
713.44 
710.29 
701.80 
701.56 
705. 37 


723.33 
724.72 
724. 17 
723.97 
720.98 


706.43 
710.71 
713. 05 
717. 18 
712. 37 


731.04 

724.  46 
719.80 
717. 81 
713.40 


720.25 
720.49 
724. 84 
725.20 
722.80 


25  712. 67 
25  715.  66 
25  721.  ™ 
25  726. 14 
25  719.  79 


Weight. 

■6 

•R 

•a 

(-4 

a 
o 

» 

^ 

3 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Corre- 
sponding 
volume  at 
0°  and  760 
mm. 


15.60.1104  0.1064 

19.0  .1003  .1066 
20.2!  .1088  .1020 
19.61  .ia34    .0999 

19.1  .1041  .1122 


17.0 
17.6 
18.2 
18.4 
19.2 


18.8 
16.8 
17.3 
17.2 
18.9 


13.2 
16.0 
15.6 
14.6 
16.0 


14.1 
18.0 
15.6 
16. 2' 
16.8! 


15. 7i 
19.  ll 
16.6; 
15.6 
17.  5 


.1129 
.1218 
.1169 
.1156 
.1159 


.1093 
.1114 
.1169 
.1189 
.  1173: 


.0832 
.0657, 
.0900 


.0715 
.1165 
.0921 
.0961 
.0933 


.0830 
.0771 
.0879 
.1054 
.0981 


1211 
1103 
1198 
,1096 
,1142 


,1046 
,1010 
,1111 
,1010 
.1090 


.1106 
,1066 
,1087 
.1117; 
.1088, 


1031 
1121 
1152 
1171 
1130 


1043 
,0980 
1047 
1065 
,  1156i 


0.14 
.12 
.14 
.13 
.13 


0.05  22.24;  22.3810,753 
.05  21.89i  22.01  10,759 
.05;  21.55i  21.6910,646 


.05   21.58 
.06   21.75 


21.7110,636 
21. 88,10, 687, 


0ms.  0ms. 
53.04  51.12 
49.03  52.11 
53.40  50.07 
50.66  48.94 
50. 84  54. 80 


06  22.40;  22.6010,917  54.54  58.50 

061  22.46'  22.6110.941  58.94153.37 

06  22.39'  22.5410,944  56.76,58.17 

.06  22.37   22.5110,945  56.21-53.29 

.06  22.22   22.36  10.911  56.55  55.72 


21.79[  21.9310,693  .53.3051.00 

22. 07    22.  21  10, 726  53.  80  48. 78 

22.12   22.2610,766  56.54.5.3.73 

22.27   22.42110,825  57.4148.76 

21.97   22.12110,778  .'57.165.3.11 


23.00 
22.56 
22.45 
22.47 
22. 22 


.05  22.58 
.061  22.29 
.06!  22.61 
.06  22.58 
.06   22.46 


23.1011,254  40.53  53.88 

22.64  11,198  32.5052.73 

22.5(Vll,0(>8  44.1653.33 

22.5811.028  42.  ,34  54. 55 

22.3,310,979  42.09  53.49 


22.67:11,068  .34.91150.34 
22.43  10.959  56.92  54.77 
22.7211,143  45. 17  5t;.  50 
22.70111,142  47.17  57.48 
22.58:11,128;  45. 98  55.  (» 


.05  22.22   22.32  10,954  40.73  51.19 

.05  22.05   22.1511,051  as.  46  48.90 

.05  22.43122.54  11,084  43.22  51.49 

.  05  22.  65   22. 78  1 1 . 1 43  51 .  56 .52, 10 

,06i  22.31    22.43  11,077  48.4557.09 


<J Corrected  for  tension  of  aqueous  vapor.    The  air  in  the  aspirator  is  assumed  to  be  saturated. 


r>(» 


THK    AVAILABLE    ENERGY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 
T  A  H  I.  K  \'  I .  -     I  Vh  /  Hat  ioit . 


IVritnl. 


Period  1,1. 


\-  1..—  '  4»._«.    Average    4„„_-„  I    Reduced 

VT  '-{^r  :"^»-- "''tr™-  -"j 

»       •      I  vapor.  pump,  dry. 


Liter*. 

Subppriod  1 4V4.412 

Subppriod  :; 462. 23U 

HuhpPrtod  3 4A3.  €» 

Subpehod  4 483,923 

Period  Iln. 

Subppriod  1 ;  471. .WS 

Sul>p<>riod2 '  488.980 

8ubp«riod3 488.247 

8ubperiod4 487.949 

Period  nia. 

Subpcrirxl  1 488.147 

Subjierio<J2 493,993 

SubperifKl  3 4«5.677 

Subperiod  4 !  498.936 

Period  lb.       I 

Subperiod  1 4.53.669 

Subperiod  2 4.V9.415 

Subperiod  3 V>3,719 

Subperiod  4 4.V4, 164 

Period  lib. 

Subperiod  1 487. H.W 

Subperiod  2 491.  H63 

Subperiod  3 487, 7.51 

Subperiod  4 492.110 

Period  1 1  lb. 

Subperiod  1 498,006 

Subperiod  2 498,848 

Subperiod  3 49.3,745 

Subperiotl  4 496,321 


Urn. 

726.6 
722.0 
718.8 
719.9 


739.0 
740.9 
739.9 
739.0 


724.3 
727.3 
730.6 
731.8 


740.4 
7.35.4 
731.7 

728.4 


734.5 
737.2 
7.38.6 
7.37. 5 


729.1 
734.4 
738.0 
737.9 


Mm. 
1.66 
1.20 
1.09 
1.13 


1.75 
1.50 
1.48 
1.60 


1.69 
2.37 
2.04 
1.68 


1.31 
1.02 
1.10 
1.00 


T. 
16. 8 
18.0 
18.0 
18.2 


15.3 
16.3 
15.5 
17.8 


1.50 

14.2  ' 

1.00 

15.1 

1.10 

13.6 

.98 

14.1, 

1.77 

"l5.1 

2.35 

1.'>.4 

1.60 

14.1 

1.4.1 

1..4  1 

Liter$. 
408,344.4 
411,279.9 
410,587.3 
411,347.4 


433,070.6 
448,937.8 
448.887.4 
444,520.9 


Sample 
of  resid- 
ual air. 


16.6  '  437.473.2 

16.6  444,206.9 

1.V3  450.045.0 

15.5  453,543.0 


12.4  422.112.0 

14.0  422.288.6 

14.3  414,500.4 

14.6  412,627.8 


Liter: 
21.89 
21.56 
21.58 
21.76 


22.46 
22.39 
22.37 
22.22 


22.07 
22.12 
22.27 
21.97 


22.56 
72.45 
22.47 
22.22 


Methane    Volume  of 

pro-         entering 

duced.       air,  drv. 


447,273.2 

22.29 

451,481.2 

22.61 

450.851.2 

22.58 

453,460.5 

22.46 

451.671.8 

22.05  1 

4.'i4.774.7 

22.43 

4.'>4,»42.9 

22.6.5 

4.55,316.7 

22.31  1 

Liter: 
48.61 
43.44 
50.78 
51.26 


58.79 
78.03 
71.99 
47.80 


.52.46 
63.77 
46.  a5 
51.23 


47.47 
43.50 
48.18 
43.33 


38.92 
41.28 
.''.8.41 
26.84 


45.17 
.58.57 
.59.79 
64.31 


LUert. 
408,317.6 
411,258.0 
410,  .588. 1 
411.317.9 


433,040.3 
448.882.2 
448,837.7 
444,495.6 


437.442.8 
444,16.5.2 
4.50,020.3 
453,513.8 


422,087.0 
422.267.6 
414.474.7 
412.606.7 


447.258.6 
451,462.0 
450,815.3 
4.53, 4.56. 1 


451.648.6 
454.738.6 
4.54, 9a5. 8 
455,274.7 


APPENDIX. 


51 


Table  VII. — Inking  air. 


Period. 


Period  la. 


Subperiod  1 . 
Subperiod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Period  Ha. 


Subperiod  1. 
Subperiod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Period  Ilia. 


Subperiod  1. 
Subperiod  2 . 
Subi>eriod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Period  lb. 


Subperiod  1 . 
Subperiod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Period  lib. 


Subperiod  1. 
Subperiod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Period  Illb. 


Subperiod  1. 
Subpsriod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Aspi- 

Ba- 

rator 

read- 

ter.o 

ing. 

Liters 

Mm. 

20C 

711.1 

20C 

700.2 

200 

703.0 

200 

706.5 

200 

725.7 

200 

724.7 

200 

726.5 

200 

722.7 

200 

710.2 

200 

712.2 

200 

718.6 

200 

714.4 

200 

726.2 

200 

720.3 

200 

718.1 

200 

714.4 

200 

722.3 

200 

724. 5 

200 

726.0 

200 

724.3 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


200 

718.7 

2(X) 

722.0 

200 

720.8 

200 

720.8 

°c. 

20.4 
21.6 
21.2 
20.6 


19.2 
19.6 
20.0 
20.8 


Re- 
duced 
aspira- 
tor 
read- 
ing, 
dry. 


Liters 
174.12 
170. 76 
172.25 
172. 87 


17.4 
17.0 
15.4 
17.2 


19.4 
16.4 
18.0 
17.8 


20.4 
16.6 
17.4 
19.0 


Vol- 
ume 
of 
car- 
bon 
diox- 
id. 


Liters 

0.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 


178.  43  .  05 

177. 95!  .  05 

178. 14'  .  05 

176.  72:  .  05 


18. 8  174. 84 

18. 6  175.  47 

18. 2  177. 28 

20.  4  174. 92 


179.66 
178.  44 
178. 89 
176.86 


177.  47 
179.85 
179. 39 
178. 95 


175.99 
179. 10 
179.80 
177. 34 


Liters. 
174. 17 
170. 81 
172.30 


Ratio 
of  sam- 
ple to 
total 
ventila- 
tion. 


1: 
2,344.4 
2, 407. 7 
2,382.8 


172.92   2,378.7 


178.48 
178.00 
178. 19 
176. 77 


174. 
175. 52 
177.33 
174.97 


179.  72 
178.50 
178. 95 
176.91 


177. 52 
179.90 
179.  44 
179.00 


176. 04 
179. 15 
179.85 
177. 39 


2,426.3 
2,521.8 
2, 518. 9 
2,514.5 


2,501.3 
2,530.6 
2,537.8 
2, 592. 0 


2,348.6 
2,36.5.6 
2,316.2 
2,332.3 


2. 519. 5 
2,509.5 
2. 512.  4 
2,  .533. 3 


2,565.6 
2,538.3 
2,529.4 
2,566.5 


Water. 


OarlMjn  diox- 
id. 


I----nri-'l"^^^'"-'vHr 


lation. 


pie. 


Oram.    Grams. 

0.0927     217.3 

.0622     149.8 

.  0646     153. 9 

.0664     157.9 


.12441  301.8 
.0623  157.1 
.0644      162.2 


.0562 
.0558j 
.0527 
.0551 


Illa- 
tion. 


054/ 
0761 

la/.b 
190.4 

0679 

171.8 

0(579 

172.3 

0668 

173.1 

1188 

279.0 

16,5;i 

391.0 

114<) 

2()5.4 

0582 

135.7 

1217 

306.6 

2228 

559.1 

0590 

148.2 

Gram 

0.1064 

.1092 

.1061 

.1049 


.1062 
.1047 
.1013 
.1053 


144.2 
141.6 
133.3 
141.4 


Gms. 
294.4 
262.9 
252.8 
249.5 


257.7 
264.0 
255.2 
264.8 


.10.53  263.4 

.1040  263.2 

.  1043  264. 7 

1074  278.4 


,1143  268.4 
,11761  278.2 
,  1133i  262.4 
.1057    246.5 


,1030  259.5 

,1040  261.0 

,1069  268.6 

,1072  271.6 


,1040  2()6.8 
,1060  269.1 
,  10<)5,  269.  4 
,  1092   280. 3 


o  Corrected  for  ten.sion  of  aqueous  vapor.    The  air  in  the  aspirator  is  assumed  to  be  saturated. 


52 


THE   AVAILABLE    ENEBQY   OF   RED    CLO\^R   HAY. 


Tablb  y 111. —Carbon  dioxid. 


Piprio«l. 


Carlion  dioxid 
in  Mm  pies 
(comvted)." 


Pan 
No.  I. 


Pan 
No.  X 


Period  la. 

Oramg. 

Subpxriod  1 la  »642 

Subpi>riod2 11.0263 

Subperioda 11.1844 

Subperiod4 :1L30»< 


Period  I  la. 


Subpcriod  1 IZ  3888 

Subperiodi 13.0521 

Subperiod  3 13. 0874 

Subperiod  4 12.  TWO 


Period  Ilia. 


Subperiod  1. 
Subperiod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Period  lb. 


12.1124 
1L«727 
lLg0S2 
1L6«8 


Period  Illb. 


Subperiod  1 11.1265 

Subperiod  2 ill.  3118 

Subperiod  3 11.2516 

Subperiod  4 lL5e85 


Period  lib. 


Subperiod  1 12.  5048 

Subperiod  2 XL  7031 

Subperiod  3 ill  7993 

Subperiod  4 lrZfif>4» 


Subperiod  1 lL7fi30 

Subperiod  2 IL  MM 

Subperiod  3 '11.8184 

Subperiod  4 {11.8825 


Ommi. 
11.0337 

ii.oaoa 

11.2001 
ILaOM 


lZ407d  I 
ia0508  . 
13.0295  1 
12.8467 


12.0378 
11.7236 
11.9922 
11.6603 


U. 1061 
11.  1981 
11.3297 
1L5Q90 


1Z47S8 
12.6671 
12.6885 
12.6807 


1L7364 
1L6380 
11.6008 
11.81&S 


ToUl.    I  ' 

Noi.  1     Inaam-*  Cormv  TotalCOt  Total  I     COi     !  ii.„.,i„ 
and         pie  of    tion  for  ;   in  out-     COt  in    auded  In    ■*"„_. 
2x100       resid-    residual    coming    ingoing    cbatn- 
alr.  air.     j      Iwr. 


andoor- 
noted.* 


Oram*. 
2,203.4 
2.208.3 
2,243.0 
3,a6&4 


ualair. 


Oram. 

ai 

.1 
.1 
.1 


2,483.7 
2.614.  A 
2,616.0 
2,66&7 


2,419.0 
2,343.5 

2.40Z7 
2.338.9 


2,226.9 
2,254.7 
2.261.9 
2,323.6 


2.511.2 
2, 541. 2 
2,553.0 
2.530.6 


2.352.7 
2.322.7 
2..-U4.8 
2, 373.  7 


air. 


Oram*. 
+  L0 
-2.0 
-LI 
-»-&9 


-&1 
+48 
-49 
+14 


-Z2 
+&0 
-fi.0 

+44 


-L2 
+  .6 
+  1.2 
-1.1 


+44 
+  L7 
+  L0 
-L8 


■pnt 
,  carlion. 


.1  -2.3 

.1  +2.6 

.1  +  .6 

.1  '  +&0 


Oram$. 
2,204  5 
2,206.4 
2,242.0 
3,27&3 


2,478.7 
2,619.5 
3,61L2 
2,57L2 


2.41&9 
2.348.6 
2,307.8 
2, 34a  3 


2,22&9 
2,265.4 
2,263.2 


Oram*. 
249.4 
262.8 
252.8 
24a  5 


267.7 
2640 
25S.2 
2648 


Oram*. 
1,965.1 

i.94;i.('> 

1,980.2 
2,025.8 


2,22L0 
2.355.5 
2,356.1 
2,30a5 


.^63.4  2,153.6 

263.2  2.085.4 

264  7  2, 133. 1 

27^4  I  2,064  9 


268.4 
27H.2 
262.4 


2,516  7 

25a5 

2,543.1 

261.0 

2.654  1 

268.6 

2,53K.0 

271.6 

2,3Sa5 

26d8 

2.325.4 

260.1 

2,355.5 

269.4 

2,378.9 

28a3 

1,967.5 
1,977.2 
2.00a8 
2,07a  1 


2,2fi&2 
2,282.1 
2,286  5 
2.26114 


2,0K».7 
2.05&3 
2.086.1 
2.098.6 


Oram*. 

542.5 
552.4 


6067 
642.3 
642.5 
629.0 


587.3 
568.7 
581.7 
563.1 


533.8 

630.2 

r6463 

666.2 


616  3 

622.3 

<623.0 

618. 0 


568.2 

seas 

568.9 
.^72  3 


«  For  number  of  pump  strokes. 

*•  For  a  alight  b»kiige  from  the  pans,  amounting  to  aiiout  0.165  per  cent  of  the  total  volume. 

c  Correction  applied  for  man  entering  chamber,  —0.3  gram  carbon. 


APPENDIX. 
Table  IX.— Water. 


53 


.Water  in  sam- 
ples (cor- 
rected).a 


Period. 


Pan 
No.l. 


Period  la.        \ 

Gms. 

Subperiod  1 3. 7923 

Subperiod2 2.8452 

Subperiod  3 2.5353 

Subperiod  4 2.6640 

Period  J  la. 

Subperiod  1 4.1329 

Subperiod  2 3.6795 

Subperiod  3 '  3.6035 

Subperiod  4 4. 0213 


Period  Ilia. 


Subperiod  1 . 
Subperiod  2 . 
Subperiod  3 . 
Subperiod  4 . 


Period  lb. 


Subperiod  1 . 
Subperiod  2 . 
Subperiod  3 . 
Subperiod  4 . 


Period  lib. 


Subperiod  1 . . 
Subperiod  2 . . 
Subperiod  3 . . 
Subperiod  4 . . 


Period  Illb. 

Subperiod  1 

Subperiod  2 

Subperiod  3 

Subperiod  4 


6.3729 
5.9328 
5.1046 
4.2235 


Pan 
No.  2. 


Gms. 
3.8647 
2.8766 
2.5547 
2. 6476 


4.1775 
3.6654 
3. 6398 
4.0380 


6.4288 
5.9024 
5. 1016 
4.2406 


3.0157  3.0425 

2.3775'  2.3810 

2.5541  2.5526 

2.3299  2.3264 


3.6076  3.6374 

2.4445  2.4589 

2.7217'  2.7077 

2.4214!  2.4335 


4.4379  4.4660 

3.6533!  3.6412 

3.9753  3.9933 

3.6247)  3.6324 


Total, 
Nos.  1 
and 
2X100 
(cor- 
rect- 
ed).6 


0ms 
766.0 
573.1 
509.8 
532.0 


832.4 
735.7 
725.5 
807.3 


1,282.3 

1, 185.  5 

1,022.3 

847.8 


606.8 
476.6 
511.5 
466.4 


725.7 
491.2 
543.8 
486.3 


891.9 
730.7 
798.2 
726.9 


In 
cans. 


On  ab- 
sorb- 
ers. 


0ms 
1,440.0 
1,626.0 
1,577.0 
1,517.0 


1, 740. 0 
1,824.0 
1,820.0 
1,693.0 


1,262.0 
1,272.0 
1,340.0 
1,695.0 


928.0 
1,303.0 
1,138.0 
1,173.0 


1,248.0 
1,734.0 
1,390.0 
1,385.0 


1,016.0 
1,034.0 
1,025.0 
1,274.0 


Gm. 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 


In  Cor- 
sam-  rec- 
ple  tion 
of  i  for 
resid-  resid- 
ual j  ual 
air.  i  air. 


Om. 

0.1 

.1 

.1 

.1 


0ms. 

-  4.0 
+  4.4 
+  2.7 
+     .2 


.1  +4.4 
.1  -  2.2 
.11  -  .6 
.1    +     .3 


+     .5 

+  2.7 

+ 

-     .3 


-8.0 
+  11.7 
-1.8 
-     .3 


Cor- 
rec- 
tion 
of  hy- 
grom- 
eter. 


Gms. 
-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 


Total 
HiO 
in  out- 
com- 
ing air 
+ ab- 
sorb- 
ers. 


0ms. 
2, 197. 0 
2, 198. 6 
2,079.2 
2,044.3 


-5.0  2,571.9 
-5.0  2,552.6 
-5.0l2,540. 1 
-5.0  2,495.7 


-5.0  2,539.9 
-5.0  2,455.3 
-5.0  2,358.3 
-5.02,537.7 


-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 
-5.0 


+22.0  -5.01,990.8 

-11.8  -5.0  2,208.5 

+  2.0  -5.01,930.9 

-1.2  -5.01,865.2 


-  2.3 

+  4, 

+  8.3 

-  3.1 


1,521.9 
1,786.4 
1,642.8 
1.634.2 


-5.01,900.7 
-5.0!l,764.5 
-5.  Oil,  826. 6 
-5.01,992.9 


Total 
H,0 
in  in- 
going 
air. 


0ms. 
217.3 
149.8 
153.9 
157.9 


301.8 
157.1 
162. 2 


Water  p_,,,.. 

•^•^^ed^x^r 

cham-bydro- 
ber.      e«°- 


Gms. 
1,979.7! 
2,048.8 
1,925.3 
1,886.4; 


Gms. 
220.0 
227.7 
213.9 
209.6 


2,270.1  252.2 

2, 395.  5  266. 2 

2,377.9  264.2 

137.52,358.2  262.0 


190.4  2,349.5  261.1 

171.8  2,283.5  253.7 

172. 3  2, 186. 0  242. 9 

173.12,364.5  262.7 


279.01,242.9 
391.01.395.4 
265.41,377.4 
135.71,498.5 


138.1 
155.0 
C153.0 
16(i.5 


306.61,684.2  187.1 

559.11,649.4  18?.  3 

148.21,782.7  c\m.O 

92.5:1, 772. 7i  197.0 


144.21,756.51  195.2 

141.61,622.9  180.3 

133.31,693.3!  188.2 

141.41,851.51  205.7 


a  For  number  of  pump  strokes. 

ft  For  slight  leakage  from  pans,  see  previous  tablo. 

<:  Correction  applied  for  man  entering  chamber  —0.05  gram  hydrogen. 


54 


THE   AVAILABLE    ENERGY   OF    RED   CLOVER    HAY. 


Table  X. — C€trbon  and  hydrogen  in  combuttibU  gates. 


reriod. 


Period  la. 


Subperiod  I . 
8ubp«riod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Period  Ita. 


Subperiod  1 . 
Subperiod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Prriod  Ilia. 


fiubperiodl. 

Subperiod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Prriod  lb. 


Subperiod  1 . 
Subperiod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Period  lib. 


Subperio<l  1 . 
Subperiod  2. 
8ubperio<l  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Penod  lllb. 


Subperiod  1 . 
Subperiod  2. 
Subperiod  3. 
Subperiod  4. 


Total 

COf        C^rrw- 
wdshed     tion  for 


xaoo 

(cor- 
icetod)^ 


€hmmt. 
98.36 
8&15 

M.ao 

10S.47 


118.37 
IMlIS 
144.34 
98.M 


106.02 
128.22 
as.  32 
103.71 


»>.  12 
88.  .35 
97.74 
87.94 


75.64 
84.22 
117. 7S 


ingoing 
•ir. 


01.83 
118.00 

iao.fio 

120.36 


Oranu. 
-3.04 
-3.06 
-3.05 
-X06 


-3.22 
-3.34 
-3.34 
-3.30 


-3.25 
-3.30 
-3.35 
-.T.T7 


-3.14 
-3.14 
-.T37 
-.1.07 


-3.33 
-3.36 
-3.35 


-3.36 
-3.38 
-3.38 
-.3.30 


Carbon 
afl  hy- 
drocar- 
bon. 


Oram*. 
25.07 

-  23.20 
25.40 
27.30 


31.40 
41.68 
38.45 
2&43 


28.03 
34.07 
25.08 
27.36 


25.36 
23.24 
25.73 
23.14 


19.72 
22.05 
31.20 


Total 

HiO     .  Correc- 
weighed     tion  (or 

X200     ,  ingoing 

(oor-  air. 

raet«d).« 


Oram*. 
79.60 
72.64 
79.65 
85.72 


-7.47 
-7.46 
-7.47 


97.12 
126.83 
110.36 

70.23 


87.95 
106.00 
79.17 
85.92 


7a  67 
71.18 
84.68 
71.86 


62.94 
75.10 
06.36 


-7.86 
-8.15 
-8.15 
-8.07 


-7.94 
-8.07 
-a  17 
-8.24 


-7.67 
-7.67 
-8.24 
-7.40 


-H.12 
-8.30 
-819 


^u^  'Methane, 
carbon.       •**^- 


Oram*. 

803 
7.23 
8.02 
8.60 


9.92 
13.19 
12.36 

7.01 


880 
10.88 
7.80 
8.63 


7.67 
7.06 
8.40 
7.15 


6.09 
7.43 
0.80 


24.13 
31.28 
31.04 
34.35 


73.60 
08.54 
101.83 
107.78 


-8.20 
-H.2li 
-8.26 
-H.27 


7.26 
10.03 
10.40 
11.06 


Oram*. 
35.80 
32  11 
35.05 
37.00 


43.12 
56.00 
52.58 
35.17 


38.62 
46.71 
34.73 
37.78 


35.02 
32.19 
35.61 
32.04 


27.56 
30.68 
42.00 


33.45 
43.02 
43.90 
47.12 


•  For  slight,  Icalcage  from  pans,  aee  previous  table. 


APPENDIX. 

Table  XI. — Heat  mea»vrements. 


55 


Period. 


Period  la. 

Subperiod  1. 

6  p.  m.  to  6.51  p.  m 

6.51  p.  m.  to  11.59  p.m.. 
11.59p.ni.  to  12.40  a.m. 
12.40  a.  m.  to  1.08  a.m.. 
1.08  a.  m.  to  2.13  a.  m.. 
2.13  a.  m.  to  6  a.  m 


Latent  heat  of  water 
vapor 

Correction  for  feed, 
water,  excreta,  and 
vessels 


°C.        °C.      Liters. 

29.0  7.506212.5308  5.0246+0.0008  5.0254  59.00  1.0030 

30.  Oi  6. 8605!  10. 7945  3.9340       .0010  3.9350'     490.00  1.0035 

28.0  6.622012.0500  5. 4280'       .0006  5.4286  3.5.00  1.0033 

27.0  6.8814  13.5243  6.6429       .0004  6.6433  16.00  1.0030 

28.0  6.066512.2.594  6. 1929       .0006  6.1935  55.00  1.0035 

30.0  5.0205   9.6850;  4.6645       .0010  4.6655  349.  ,50  1.0044 


Total  heat 

Subperiod  2. 

6  a.  m.  to  8.17  a.  m 

8.17  a.  m.  to  9.06  a.  m.. 
9.06  a.  m.  to  10.14  a.  m.. 
10.14  a.  m.  to  11.39  a.m. 
11.39  a.  m.  to6p.  m 


Latent  heat  of  water 
vapor 

Correction  for  feed, 
water,  excreta,  and 
vessels 


Total  heat 

Subperiod  3. 

6  p.  m.  to  6.42  p.  m 

6.42  p.  m.  to  7.46  p.  ni. 
7.46  p.  m.  to  7.51  p.  m. 
7.51  p.  m.  to  12..58  a.  m . 
12..58  a.  m.  to  2  a.  m. . . 

2  a.  m.  to  3.08  a.  m 

3.08  a.  m.  to  6  a.  m 


Latent  heat  of  water 
vapor 

Correction  for  feed , 
water,  e.\creta,  and 
vessels 


Average  temperature  of  water 
current. 


o  s 


5=5 


"'it 


> 

< 


Heat  pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 


Total 

heat, 

calories 

at  20." 


Cm.     Cal. 


30.0  5.2237 

29.0  5.4425 

28.0  5.7324 

27.0  6.4975 

.0  6.2513 


9.3171  4.0934 

10.1983,  4.7558 

11.4200  5.6876 

13.6640  7.1665 

12.8185i  6.5672 


28.0  6.3282112.9191  6.  .5909 

29.0  6.0525111.4269  5.3744 

28.0  6.1400!  11. 4200  5.2800 

29.0  6. 0323;i  1.6083  5.  .5760 

28.0  6.282012.0880  5.8060 

27.0  6.6006  13.5171  6.916.5 

29.0  5.9,584  11.1751  5.2167 


Total  heat 

Subperiod  4- 

6  a.  m.  to  9.40  a.  ni.. 
9.40  a.  m.  to  6  p.  m.. 


Latent  heat  of  water 
vapor 

Correction  for  feed, 
water,  excreta,  and 
vessels 


.0010 
.0008 
.0006 
.0004 
.0006 


.0006 
.0008 
.0006 
.0008 
.0006 


0.40 

.50| 

.30. 

.20. 

.30 

.50 


0.01   297.38 
.08^  1,934.82 

190.64 

106.61 

341.82 

1,637.71 


4,608.98 
1,171.99 

-13.05 


4.0944 
4.7566 
5.6882 
7.1669 
6.  ,5678 


209.00,  1.0044 
60.00  1.0041! 


60.00 

44.50 

331.50 


1.0038 
1.0031 
1.0033 


5,667.92 


859.46 
286.55 
342.58 
319.92 
2,184.38 


3,992.89 
1,212.91 

+8.00 


5,213.80 


6.  .5915 
5. 37.52 
5. 2806, 
5.  ,5768; 
5.8066 
0004  6.9169 
0(XW,  5.2175 


38.00  1.0032 

76.  ,501  1.00;J6! 

5.00|  1.00361 

3.51.. 50  1.00;?6 

51.00  1.0a'?4; 

41.00  ].o(m 

220. .50  l.()aS7 


. ;«) . 

.40 

.:». 

.40 
.30'. 
.20. 
.40 


2.51.28 
412.67 
26.  .50 

1,967.26 
297.14 
284.44 

1,1,54.69 


4,393.98 
1,139.76 


Total  hoat . 


10.9675    4.9.546 
11.2345   5.1116 


5, 522.  .33 


.(XX)8 
.0008 


9.5.54 
1124 


279.00    l.(XW 

m2.m  i.«x«i 


.40;       .(M    l,387.a3 
.40       .08   3.087.13 


+  14.07 
i.  605.  .56 


56 


THE   AVAILABLE    ENEROY    OF    RED    CLOVER    HAY. 
Tablb  XI. — Heat  meatwementt — Continued. 


•s 

1 

Avenfle  temperature  of  water 
ourrant. 

! 

o 

H 

•< 

Heat  pro- 
dixM  In 
abaorbert. 

Total 

heat, 

calorie* 

at30». 

Period.              J| 

— 

9 
1 

•c. 

5.0876 
4.1881 
3.0163 
4.5355 
3.4421 

9 

1 

s 
O 

a 

it 

u  o  S 

5' 

ll. 

5"S 

•< 

li 

H 

PUUOD  IIO  . 

avbperiod  1. 

6  p.  m.  to  7.23  p.  m 

7.23  p.  m.  to  2.36  a.m.. 
3 J6  a.  m.  to  3.04  a.m.. 
3.04  a.  m.  to  5.01  a.  m . . 
5.01  a.  m.  to6a.  m 

38.0 
30.0 
28.0 
37.0 
30.0 

12.4276 
9.6580 
9.6438 

12.4741 
9.3100 

'C. 
7.3800 
5.4899 
5. 7275 
7.9386 
5.8670 

•c. 

+0.0006 
.0008 
.0006 
.0004 
.0008 

'C. 
7.3606 
5.4907 
5. 7281 
7.9390 
5.8687 

LiUrt. 
67.50 
517.30 
26.00 
62.00 
73.00 

1.0037 
1.0046 
1.0044 
1.0038 
1.0040 

Cm. 

0.30 
.40 
.30 
.20 
.40 

Cal. 
'  0.07 

".'6i 

«e.«8 

2,864.44 
140.58 
494.00 
430.80 

Latent  heat  of  water 
vapor 

i 
i 

, 

4,427.30 
1,343.00 

-5.28 

Correction     for    feed, 
water,  excreta,  and 
vesaela 

i     ■ 

i 

1 

Total  beat 

j 

1 

5,765.01 

29.0 
27.0 
29.0 
27.0 
29.  (^ 

, 

Subperiodt 

6  a.  m.  to  9.41  a.  ra 

0.41a.  m.  to  12.46  p.m.. 
12.46  p.  m.  to  2.46  p.  m. 
2.46  p.  m.  to  4.29  p.  m.. 
4JBp.  m.  to6p.  m 

3.2498 
4.1857 
».5490 
4.8046 
3.0145 

1 

8.4346  .5.1848 
11.0750   7.7893 

9.6367   6.0867 
12.0080   8.1623 

0. 86821  5.0637 

.0008   .5.1856 
.0004   7.7807 
.0008   6.0875 
.0004   8.1627 
.0008  5.0545 

277.00 
102.00 
140.  OQ 
.50.50 
106.83 

1.0062 
1.0040 
1.0048 
1.0037 
1.0046 

.40*      .03 

.30 

.40       .02 

.20 

.40,      .01 

1,443.85 
707.78 
856.32 
413. 74 
033  05 

Latent  heat  of  water 
■vapor 

i i 

4.144.69 
1,418.15 

Correction     for    feed, 
water,  excreta,  and 
veaaels 

+  76.44 

Total  heat 

i            !....( 

5.6.30.28 

SulyperiodS. 

6  p.  m.  to8J5  p.  m 

sJw  p.  ra.  to  9.23  p.  m.. 
9.23  p.  m.  to  10.42  p.  m. 
10.42  p.  m.  to  2.06  a.  m.. 
2.05a.  m.  to2ASa.  m... 
3.3.5  a.  m.  to  4.33  a.  m... 
4.33  a.  m.  to6a.  m 

6.0474 
7.9214 
7.0640 

e,.'2m> 

6.1443 
8.6373 
5.8210 

.  ".._ 



29.0 
27.0 
28.0 
29.0 
28.0 
27.0 
29  0 

3.8.W1 
4. 6.W7 
4.  1.'j60 

3.8671 
4.6.123 
3. 4147 

9.9025 
12.  .5771 
11.2200 

9.7694 
10.0114 
13  2096 

9.23.57 

.0008 

.0004 
.0006 

.nonn 

.0006 
.0004 
.0008 

6.0482 
7.9218 
7.0646 
6.2677 
6.1449 
8.6.177 
5.8218 

108.00 
12.00 
60.00 

230.00 
26.00 
61.00 

108. 75 

1.0046 
1.0038 
1.0042 
1  0048 
1.0046 
1.0037 
1.0050 

1 

.40       .02 

.20 

.30 

.40       .03 

.10 

.20 

.40,       .01 

1.203.03 
ft5.42 
42.5.66 

1,448.46 
160  .50 
.528.85 
636.28 

Latent  heat  of  water 
vapor 

1 

1 

4.498.30 
1.407.70 

Correction     for    feed, 
water,  excreta,  and 
veaafla 

1 

1 

-3.94 

i 

ToUlheat 

5,001.96 

SutrpfriotH. 

6  a.  m.  to  8.12  a.  m 

8.13b.  ro.  to 9.48 a.m... 
9.48  a.  m.  to  10.13  a.  m . . 
10.33  a.  m.  to  10 J6  a.  m . 
10J6  a.  m.  to  1.07  p.  m  . 
1.07  p.  m.  to  1.42  p.  m.. 
1.42  p.  m.  to  2.40  p.  m.. 
2.40  p.  m.  to6p.  m 

30.0 
27.0 
28.0 
27.0 
29,0 
27  0 
28.0 
30.0 

3.4063 
4.7396 
4.0182 
4.3700 
3.7216 
.■i.  1844 
4.7962 
4.8045 

1 

1 

8.9379  .5..5.TJ5 
13.  14B6   8.4100 
lO.KOO  6  93IH 
11.9800  7  fiino 

9.6248    .5.90:rj 
12.  .5688    7.  .1844 
11.04.56   6.2494 

0.0683  .5.1838 

0004 
(1006 
.0004 
.0008 

nofM 

.0006 
.0008 

.5.5334 
8.4104 
«.«324 
T.fil04 
.5  WMO 
7.  .1848 
6  2500 
5. 1846 

160.00 
46.00 
.14  00 

1  on 

177.75 
17.2.5 
.56.00 

230.00 

l.OOSO 
1.0037 
1.004.1 
1.0040 
1.0047 
1.0037 
1.0040 
1.0043 

.40 
.30 

.30 
.20 
.40 
.20 
.30 
.40 

ra 

.02 

880.75 

388.31 

236.72 

7.64 

1,064.01 
137.86 
.151.40 

1.244.42 

Latent  heat  nf  water 
vapor .... 

i 

4,300.11 
1.306. 04 

Correction     for     feed,  |       1 
water,  rxrreta.  and  , 
veaaelii 

1 

+  25.76 

1 





Total  heat              > 

.5,721.91 

.     ,.   ■        

. 

j^ 

. ' 



APPENDIX. 

Table  XI. — Heat  measurements — Continued. 


57 


o 
1 

Average  temperature  of  water 
current. 

Heat  pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 

>  o 

Total 

heat, 

calories 

Period. 

a 

s 

on 
res- 

ed 
ce. 

Zt 

s 

a 

rect 

r    P 
re. 

rect 
eren 

> 

s% 

n 

1|      '^^^"- 

s> 

S       5 

« 

fc-  o  g       i,w 

o 

^* 

e  B. 

c 

a 

» 

5        1  o"* 

H 

< 

cy 

w 

Period  IIIo. 

Sub-period  1 . 

°c.   !   °c. 

°C. 

"C.       °c. 

Liters. 

Cm. 

Cal. 

6  p.  m.  to  8.57  p.  m 

29.0 

6.4284  11.4346 

5.0062 

+0.0008   5.0070 

215. 00 

1.0035 

0.40 

0.03 

1,080.24 

8.57  p.  m.  to  9.23  p.m.. 

28.0 

6.320012.2583 

5.9383 

.0006    5.9389 

21.00 

1.0a34 

.30 

12.5.14 

9.2.3  p.  m.  to  9.36  p.  m.. 

27.0 

6.64001.3.1300 

6.4900 

.0004   6.4904 

5.50 

1.0029 

.20 



35.80 

9.36  p.  m.  to  2.53  a.  ni . . . 

29.0 

5.684«)11.3675 

5.6829 

.0008   5.6&37 

351.50 

1.0037 

.40 

.04 

2.005.17 

2.53  a.  m.  to  4.24  a.  m. . 

27. 0 

6. 1169  1.3.  7.538 

7.  6369 

.0004    7.a373 

47.00 

1.0028 

.20 

,359.  95 

4.24  a.  m.  to  4.55  a.  m . . 

28.0 

5.7100  12.2987 

6.5887 

.0006   6.5893 

26.00 

1.0035 

.30 

171.92 

4.55  a.  m.  to  4.58a.  m.. 

27.0 

5.  7000  12.  2000 

6.5000 

.0004    6.5004 

1.50 

1.0035 

.20 

9.78 

4.58  a.  m.  to  6  a.  m 

29.0 

5.  2827  10.  6780 

5. 3953 

.0008   5.3961 

75.50 

1.0040 

.40 

.01 

409.02 

' 

4,197.02 

Latent  heat  of  water 

vapor 

' 

1,390.93 

Correction     for    feed, 

water,  excreta,  and 

vessels 

—.98 





Total  heat 

5,586.97 

=^= 



Subperiod  2. 

j 

6a.  m.  to  8.31  a.  m 

29.0 

4.168410.6034 

5.  2581 

.0008   5.2589 

178.00 

1.0040 

.40 

.02 

939.80 

8.31  a.  m.  to  9.16  a.  m. . 

27.0 

6.5208  13.7475 

4. 2267 

.0004    4.2271 

22.00 

1.0030 

.20 

ft3.27 

9.16  a.  m.  to  10.10  a.  m  . 

27.5 

6.  2800  13.  5908 

7.3108 

.0005   7.3113 

34.50 

i.oa3i 

.25 

25.3.02 

10.10  a.  m.  to  11.46  a.  m. 

29.0 

5.440811.2941 

5.8533 

.0008    5.8541 

110.50 

1.0038 

.40 

.01 

649.32 

11.46  a.  m  to  12.06  p.m.. 

27.0 

6.102013.4140 

7. 3120 

.0004   7.3124 

10.00 

1.0032 

.20 

73.  .35 

12.06p.m.  to  12.32  p.m. 

27.5 

6.088613.3714 

7.2828 

.0005   7.2833 

17.00 

1.0032 

.25 

124. 21 

12.32  p.m.  to  1.31  p.m.. 

27. 0 

6.4521  14.2535 

7.8014 

.0004    7.8018 

28.00 

1.0030 

.20 

219. 10 

1.31  p.  m.  to  2.27  p.  m.. 

27.5 

6.  2457  13. 1750 

6.9293 

.0005   6.9298 

,^8.00 

1.0031 

.25 

264.14 

2.27  p.  m.  to  5.46  p.m.. 

29.0 

5. 9192  11.  4074 

5.  4882 

.0008   .5.4890 

230.50 

1.0036 

.40 

.29 

1,269.47 

5.46  p.  m.  to  6  p.  m. . . . 

27.0 

6.450012.5867 

6. 1367 

.0004   6.1371 

7.50 

1.0032 

.20 

46.17 

! 

3,931.8.5 

Latent  heat  of  water 

1 

vapor 

1,. 351.  S3 

Correction     for     feed 

j 

water,  excreta,  and 

vessels 

1 

+  39.23 

Total  heat 

1 

5,322.91 



Subperiod  S. 

6  p.  m.  to  7.46  p.  m 

29.0 

6.0941  11.6382 

5. 5441 

.0008   5.5449 

119.00 

1.0036 

.40 

.01 

(ii>2.  20 

7.46  p.  m.  to  8.23  p.  m.. 

27.0 

6.6267  13.5767 

6.9500 

.0004   6.9504 

20.50 

i.oa3o 

.20 

142.91 

8.23  D.  m.  to  9.20  p.m.. 

27.5 

6.  4292  13.  2823 

6.8531 

.0005   6.8536 

41.50 

i.oa3i 

.25 

284.  .30 

9.20  p.  m.  to  9.54  p.  m.. 

29.0 

6.060011.6722 

5. 6122 

.0008    5.6130 

.39.00 

1.0036 

.40 

.01 

219. 68 

9.54  p.  m.  to  10.24  p.m. 

30.0 

5.  8562  10.  6737 

4.8175 

.0010    4.8185 

47.00 

1.0038 

.50 

.01 

227. 32 

10.24  p.m.  to  11.22  p.m. 

27.  5 

6.  4ti93  13.  6950 

7.  2257 

.0005    7.2262 

,13.00 

1.00.30 

.25 

239.  17 

11.22  p.m.  to  11.58  p.m. 

28.0 

6. 0555  12.  9766 

6.9211 

.000(5   ().9217 

27.00 

1.0033 

.,30 

187.50 

ll.oSp.  m.to  12.22  a.m. 

29.0 

5.5767  11.(5950 

6.  Iia3 

.0008   6.1191 

29.00 

1.0037 

.40 

178.11 

12.22  a.  m.  to  12.25  a.m. 

30.0 

5.  5(XX)  11.  2200 

5.7200 

.0010    5.7210 

2.  .tO 

1.0038 

..50 

14.  ,35 

12.25  a.m.  to  2.09  a.  m.. 

27.  5 

5.  8ti04  13.  6731 

7.8127 

.0005   7.81,32 

62.  ,50 

1.0032 

.25 

489.  8^ 

2.09  a.m.  to  2.18  a.m.. 

2*».0 

5.2.30012.  1500 

6.9200 

.0008    6.9208 

10.00 

1.0a37 

.40 

69.  46 

2.18  a.  m.  to  3.04  a.m. . 

30.0 

4.  68.50  10.  0817 

5.  3967 

.0010   .5.  .3977 

67.00 

1.0043 

..50 

.01,'      3K3.  19 

3.04  a.  m.to  4.59  a.m.. 

27.5 

5. 0235  12.  .')0,<¥) 

7.  4854 

.0005   7.4859 

75.00 

1.00.37 

.25 

.T<V3.  ,52 

4.59  a.  m.  to  5.34  a.  m.  . 

;«).o 

4.170010.0089 

5.8389 

.0010   5.8399 

46.00 

1.0045 

..50 

.  01       2fi9.  S3 

5.34  a.  m.  to  5.44  a.  m. . 

29.0 

4.195010.1000 

5.9050 

.0008   5.90,58 

10.  .50 

1.0045 

.40 

t)2. 2-.» 

5.44  a.  m.  to  6  a.  m 

27.0 

4.832512.4875 

7.6550 

.0004   7.6554 

7.25 

1.0038 

.20 

5,5. 71 

j 

4,029.42 

Latent  heat  of  water 

1 

vapor 

1 

1,294.10 

Correction     for    feed, 

1 

> 

1 

water,  excreta,  and 

vessels 

+  .96 

1 

Total  heat 

1 

5, 234.  48 



1 

i            ' 

58  THE    AVAILABLE    ENEROY    OF    RED    ('LOVER    HAY. 

Table  XI. — Heat  rruaturemenU — Continued. 


Poritxl. 


t 

>  c 

—  s: 


PmioD  Illa-Confd. 


Subprriod  ^. 


li  a.  ni.  to 
7.16ii.  ni. 
»JOa.  m. 
10.07  «.  m. 
10.4«a.m. 
11.341  a.  m. 
12.22  p.  m 

1.37  p.  m. 

1.38  p.  m. 
3  Jfi  p.  m. 
5.27  p.  m. 


7.1Ca.  m 

toOJOa.  m. 
to  10.07  a.  m 
to  10.46  a.  m 
to  11 .36  a.  m 
to  12.22  p.  m 
.  to  1.37  p.  m 
to  1 .58  p.  m . 
to3.S6p.  m. 
to  5.27  p.  m. 
to  6p.  m. . . 


Avnraffo  t«inperaturp  of  wat«r 
ciirn»nt. 


i 


29.0 
2K.0 
27.0 
27.5 
27.0 
•28.0 

29.  o: 

27.0 
27.  .^ 
29.01 

.  28. 5{ 


A.  li»4  10. 7680 
4.550012.0151 
5. 3700  13.  S244i 
5.  1550  13. 3570 
5.5208  14.0777 
4. 9227  13.  1027 
4.  <W2(il  1.8158 
5.4100  13.4140 
h.  8213  13. 9290 
5.2196  11.3545 
5.410011.7100 


Latent  heat  of  water 
vapor 

Correciion  for  f«><1. 
water,  rxcretH,  and 
retiaelB 


Total  heat. 


•C. 
A.  GODS 
7.  4651 
8.4544 
8.2020 
8.55(19 

Risno 

7.1332 
8.0040 
8.1077 
li.1350 
«>.3000| 


t6 

5=5 


0.0008 
.000»> 
.0004 
.0005 
.0004 
.OOOti 

.ooas 

.0004 
.0005 
.0008 
.0007 


"C. 

&6013 
7.4«i5: 
&4548 
8.2025 
K5573 
8.18ay 
7. 1340 
8.0044 
8.1082 
«V.1358 
6.3007 


Liter* 
82.00' 
102.00 
16.00 
23.001 
23.00 
33.00' 
68.00! 
7.95 
G1.25; 
96.00: 
28.75 


Heat  pro- 
duoed  in 
abaorbera. 


II 


1.0043 
1.0039 
1.00:{4 
l.(TO2 
1.0033' 
1.0ft36 
1.0040 
1.0034 
1.0032 
1.0039 
1.0037 


Cm 

0.40 
.30 
.20 
.25 
.20 
.30 
.40 
.20 
.25 
.40 
■  35 


Cal. 

0.01 

.01 


Total 

heat, 

caloriea 

atao*. 


543.62 
764.46 
135.  73 
189.26 
197.46 
270.93 
487.04 
«i2.24 
498.21 
591.32 
181.81 


Period  16. 

Subprriod ) .  [      .  I 

6  p.  m.  to  6.23  p.  m 45.0  3.  1883    4.2750  1.0867 +0.0162    1.1029     148.  oo'  1.0064 

6.23  p.  in.  to  12.11a.  m.  47.0  2.8406  3.9274  1.0868       .019t>   1 .  1064 2. 23«1. OOl   1.00»i7 

12.11  a.  m.  to  1.14a.  m  .49.0  2.8613  3.9106  '  """        ""^   •  "^"      "'  ""    •  "~- 

1.14  a.  ni.  to  6.U.  m 51.0  2.8275  3.8150 


0230    1.0723     416.00    1.0067 
0266    1.01501.969.00    1.00«i2 


Latent  boat  of  water 
vapor 

Correction  for  ft-ed, 
water,  excri'ta,  and 
vessel* 


3,922.08 
1,399.81 


+  29.07 


5,3S0.9C 


9.15  .43  Ua.84 

10.25  7.27  2,492.75 

11.2.S  1.48  447.58 

I -2.25  7.«»  2.003.33 


6  tr  : 

.S.oa  a.  m.  to  5.4«iu    n 

5.46  a.  m.  to  «i.  «.  ni. 


48.0  2.H4B0  4.2419  1.3929 
.'rO.O  2.»MII  4.  1482  I.4.'i91 
40. 0   Z  1633    .1  .%67    1.  4.134 


0213    1.41 42 3. .320. 00   1.0065   10.75,  11.43    4.714.23 
0248    1.4839     232  00    lOOdtV    11.75'       .85       34.1.  fW 

99  73 


1.4600       68.00    1.0070    ll.25|      .24 


.S.  l.W.  f^l 


APPENDIX. 
Table  XI. — Heat  measurements — Continued. 


59 


0 

Average  temperature  of  water 
current. 

Heat  pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 

0  oj 

Total 

Period. 

>  c 

i 

Si 

•a  . 
eg 

\ 

0  h 

heat, 
calories 

ai 

60 

B 

S 

0 

t5% 

^ 

Average 
heat 

£?i 

at  20°. 

« 

a 

5 

0 

a=5 

■s 
0 

*3  ft 

5o 

■3.C1 

Period  16— Cont'd. 

Subperiod  5.— Cont'd. 

Latent  heat  of  water 

"C. 

°c. 

"C. 

"C. 

°c. 

Liters. 

Cm. 

Cal. 

815.  .39 

Correction    for    feed, 

water,  excreta,  and 

ve.ss<>ls 

— 1&09 

i 

Total  heat 

1 

5,956.95 



!                      i 

Subperiod  4. 

6  a.m.  to  9.31  a.  m 

49.0 

3.5877 

5.0707 

1.4830 

0.0230    1.5060 

932. 00 

1.0062 

11.25 

3.32 

1,408.57 

9.31a.  m.  to  10.10  a.  m  . 

47.0 

4.2560 

5.7180 

1.4620 

.0196    1.4816 

U18.OO 

1.0056 

10.25 

.55 

249.75 

10.10  a.m. to  11.38 a. m  . 

4;i.0 

3.9250 

5.8359 

1.9109 

.01341  1.9243 

.300.00 

1. 0057 

7.75 

.74 

579.  84 

11.38a.  m.  to  1p.m.... 

4;i.o 

3. 2415 

5.8280 

2.5866 

.01341  2.5999 

200.00 

1.0059 

7.75 

.49 

522.56 

1  p.  m.  to  6p.  m 

47.0 

2.3776 

5.2708 

2.8932 

.0196 

,2. 9128 

718.00 

1.0064 

10.25 

2.33 

2, 102.  45 

4,863.17 

Latent  heat  of  water 

vapor 

887.11 

Correction    for    feed, 

water,  excreta,  and 

vessels ^ 

- 10. 32 

i 

Total  heat 

1   ..     . 

1              [            1 

5,739.96 



1            1 

Period  116. 

Subperiod  !. 

6  p.  m.  to  6.35  p.  m 

32.0 

2.5389 

5.3778 

2.8389 

+0.0020   2.8409 

78.00 

1.0063 

1.00 

.02 

222.97 

6.35  p.  m.  to  6.55  p.m.. 

33.0 

2.4440 

4.9800   2.5360 

.00241  2.5384 

55.00 

1.0064 

1.50 

.03 

140.48 

6.55  p.  m.  to  7.17  p.  m . . 

34.0 

2.3800 

4.6200,  2.2400 

.0032;  2.2432 

67.00 

1.0066 

2.00 

.04 

151.25 

7.17  p.m.  to  11.05  p.m. 

35.0 

2. 4491 

4.4033:  1.9542 

.0040,  1.9582 

800.00 

1.0066 

2.50 

.63 

1,576.27 

11.05  p.  m.  to  1.51  a.  m. 

36.0 

2.2898 

4. 1261 i  1.8363 

.oa5o 

1.8413 

645.00 

1.0068 

3.00 

.61 

1.195.10 

1.51  a.m. to  1.56  a.m  .. 

33.0 

2.2650 

4,0600    1.7950 

.0024 

1.  7974 

18.00 

1.0068 

1.50 

,01 

32.56 

1.56  a.  m.  to  3.29  a.  m  .. 

m.o 

2. 1744 

3.9557    1.7813 

.0050 

1.7863 

370. 00 

1.0068 

3.00 

.3a 

665.08 

3.29  a.  m.  to  3.49  a.  m  . . 

;«.o 

2. 2875 

4.18.50    1.8975 

.0024 

1.8999 

.50.00 

1.0067 

l.,50 

.02 

95.61 

3.49a.  m.  to  4.39a.  m.. 

34.0 

2. 2138 

3.8938    1.6800 

.0032 

1.6832 

160.00 

1.0069 

2.00 

.10 

271.07 

4.39  a.  m.  to  4.53  a.  m  . . 

32.0 

2.3,300 

4.4766   2.1466 

.0020   2.1486 

31.00 

1.0066 

1.00 

.01 

67.04 

4.53  a.  m.  to  5.46  a.  m  . . 

;«).o 

2.5114 

5.5164   3.0050 

.0010   3.0060 

85.00 

1.0063 

50 

.01 

2.57. 1 1 

5.46  a.  m.  to  5.52  a.  m  . . 

;«.o 

2.1800 

4.8500   2.6700 

.0024i  2.6724 

16.00 

1.0066 

1..50 

.01 

43.  TO 

5..'52  a.  m.  to  5.57  a.  m  . . 

;«.() 

2.  a^)0C 

4.1300:  2.080C 

.0040!  2.0840 

23.00 

1.0069 

2.50 

.02 

48.24 

5.57  a.  in.  to6a.  m 

37.0 

1.9850 

3.8450,  1.8600 

.0062 

1.8662 

13.00 

1.0069 

3.  .50 

24.  43 

4,790.24 

Latent  heat  of  water 

vapor 

997.  a5 

Correction     for     feed, 

water,  excreta,  and 

' 

vessels. . . 

14  23 

Total  heat 

5,773.06 

Subperiod  i. 

1 

6  a.  m.  to  7.33  a.  m 

37.0 

1.9696 

3.7492    1.7796 

.0062 

1.7858 

383.00 

1.0070 

3.50 

.43 

68.'^.  32 

7.33  a.  m.  to  1.14  p.  m.. 

36.  C 

2.4865 

4.1986    1.7121 

.00)0 

1.7171 

1,238.00 

1.0067 

3.00 

1.18 

2,138.83 

1.14  p.  m.  to  1.29  p.m.. 

34.  C 

2.  75,tC 

4.632.5    1.8775 

.0032;  1.8807 

44.00 

1.0064 

2.00 

.03 

83.25 

1.29  p.  m.  to  1.43  p.  ra.. 

33.0 

2.7833 

4.7466    1.9633 

.00241  1.9657 

35.00 

1.0064 

l.,50 

.02 

69. 22 

1.43  p.  m.  to  2.06  p.  m.. 

32.  ( 

2. 8V.C 

5.1383   2.2532 

.0020   2.2553 

46.50 

1.0048 

1.00 

.01 

105.36 

2.06  p.m.  to  3.26  p.m.. 

30.  t 

3.214C 

6.4190:  3.205C 

.0010 

3.2060 

100.50 

1.0057 

.50 

.02 

324.02 

3.26  p.  m.  tp6p.  m 

37.0 

2.7226 

5.4550    1.7324 

.0062 

1.7386 

597.50 

1.0062 

3.  ,50 

.66 

1,044.  .59 

. 

4,453.59 

Latent  lieat  of  water 

vapor 

976. 42 

Correction     for     feed. 

water,  excreta,  and 

vessels 

_  .     _ 

1 

—  r2<t.  24 

i              1                                           i 

Total  heat 

o,;{00. 77 



60  THE   AVAILABLE    ENERGY    OF    RED   CLOVER    HAT. 

Table  XI. — Heat  ineasurrmenU — Continued. 


1 

Average  temperattire  of  water 
corrent. 

P 

< 

Heftt  Dfo- 
dooedln  ■ 
abaorben. 

Total 

Period. 

n 

1 

i 

li 

»  S 

1 

B  S 

§ 

heat, 
calories 

*< 

9 
1 

s 

Correct 
for   p 
sure. 

fcs 
8^ 

1 

5"o 

it 

ax: 

at  30'. 

Pkriod  116— Cont'd. 

Subptriod  S. 

•c 

"C 

•c 

•c 

'C 

LUer$. 

Cm. 

Col. 

«  p.  m.  to  l.M  p.  m 

7i9  p.  m.  to  10.38  p.  m . 
10.38  p.  m.  to  lO-Se  p.  m. 

37.0 

2.5843 

4.2926 

1.7083 

0.0062 

1.7145 

472.00' 

1.0066 

3.5(jf 

0.52 

81407 

34.0 

2.5803 

4.463.5 

1.8832 

.0032 

1.8864 

454.00 

1.0065 

2.O0 

.29 

861.70 

37.0 

2.4100 

4.1220 

1.7120 

.0062 

1.7182 

74.00 

1.0069 

3.  .50 

.08 

127.94 

10..yjp.ni.  to  11.07  p.m. 

39.  C 

2.3650 

3.9200 

1.5,V50 

.0086 

1.5636 

55.00 

1.0068 

4  75 

.08 

86.50 

ll.OTp.m.  to  11.42  p.m. 

41.0 

2.3478 

3. 7645 

1.4167 

.0110 

1.4277 

189.00 

1.0009 

6.30 

.38 

271.32 

11.42  p.m.  to  12.42  a.m. 

34.0 

2. 4747 

4.4027 

1.9280 

.0032 

1.9312 

184.00 

1.0066 

2.00 

.12 

357.  .57 

12.42a.  m.  to  1j1  a.  m.. 

32.  C 

2.4647 

4  8665 

2. 4018 

.0020 

2.4038 

158.00 

1.0065 

1.00 

.05 

382.22 

1-Sl  a.  m.  to  2.02  a.m... 

37.0 

2.2'-.33 

4  3900 

2.1367 

.0062 

2.1429 

23.00 

1.0067 

3.50 

.03 

49.59 

2.02  a.  m.  to  2.4S  a.  ra  . . 

2.00 

2.48  a.  m.  to  3.16  a.m... 

37.0 

3.2729 

6.2943 

3.0214 

.0062 

3.0276 

89.00 

1.0(a58 

3.50 

.10 

270.92 

3.16  a.  m.  to  3.34  a.m... 

38.0 

3.0420 

.5.2260 

2.1S40 

.0074 

2. 1914 

62.00 

1.0062 

4.00 

.08 

136.63 

3.34  a.  m.  to  5.17  a.m... 

40.  C 

2.6096 

3.958S 

1.3492 

.0098 

1.3590 

538.00 

1.0067 

5.60 

.96 

735.08 

5.17  a.  m.  to6a.  ra 

42.0 

2.3820 

3.7540 

1.3730 

.0122 

1.3842 

240.00 

1.0068 

7.00 

.53 

333.94 

4427.48 

Latent  heat  of  water 

• 

1,058.32 

Correction     for     feed, 

water,  excreta,  and 

-25.61 

. 



Total  heat 

5. 400. 19 

1 i 

Subperio<H. 

6  a.  m.  to  7.10  a.  m 

42.0 

2.3.500 

3.7078 

1.3.578 

.0122 

1.3700 

409.00 

1.0069 

7.00 

.91 

563.29 

7.10a.  m.  to  8.11  a.  m  .. 

40.  C 

2.437:) 

3.8406 

1.4033 

.0098 

1.4131 

306.00 

1.0068 

.5.60 

.55 

414.80 

8.11  a.  m.  to8..Wa.  m  .. 

38.(1 

2.51.M 

4  0800 

1.56,50 

.0074 

1.5?24 

207.00 

1.0067 

4.00 

.36 

3-27.41 

8.59  a.  m.  to  9.16  a.  m  .. 

3;i.c 

2.627.5 

4. 6,52.5 

2.02.50 

.0024 

2.0274 

.•1,5.00 

1.0065 

1..50 

■    .02 

71.40 

9.16  a.  m.  to  10.26  a.  m  . 

32.  C 

2. 7.522 

5.0872 

2. 28,50 

.0020 

2.2870 

l(i0.50 

1.0063 

1.00 

..5.1 

;i82.6,5 

10.26a.m.  to  1.24  p.m.. 

37.  C 

2.6136 

4.3141 

1.7005 

.0062 

1.7067 

700.  .50 

1.0066 

3.50 

.78 

1.302. 65 

1.24  p.  m.  to  1.26  p.  m.. 

3.VC 

2.8,500 

4.39O0 

1.5400 

.0040 

1.5440 

6.00 

1.006,5 

•2.50 

9.32 

1.36  p.  m.  to  2.20  p.  m.. 

.11.(1 

.3.1177 

5.6615 

2..54'W 

.0012 

2.  .5450 

98.00 

1.0a56 

.  75 

.02 

•2.50.79 

2.20  p.  m.  to  2.40  p.m.. 

37.  C 

2.8.'W0 

4.6020 

1.7640 

.0062 

1.7702 

78.00 

1.0064 

3.  .50 

.09 

i:«.87 

2.40  p.  m.  to  2..V3  p.  m  . . 

.•».(1 

2.8075 

4. 2975 

1.4900 

.0086 

1.4986 

64.00 

1.006,5 

4  75 

.10 

96.43 

2Ji3p.  m.  to6p.  m.  .  .  . 

41.0 

2.7161 

3.9972 

1.2811 

.0110 

1.29211,003.75 

1.0066 

6.30 

2.00 

1.303.50 

4,781.11 

Latent  heat  of  water 

1.049.46 

Corroction     for     feed. 
wut»T,  excreta,  and 

-42. 09 

Total  heat. . 

5. 788.  4H 

=  " 

J'rRion  \\\h. 

Suhptriod  1. 

6  p.  m.  to  10.27  p.  m 

ia27p.  m.  toI0.45p.ro. 

35.0 

2.4247 

4R101 

2.3«4 

+0.0040 

2.3894 

762.  .50 

1.0065 

2.  .50 

.00 

1 . 8.11.  7f. 

33.0 

2..534G 

4  8140 

2.2800 

.0024 

2.2824 

43.  .50 

1.0065 

1.50 

oc 

99  91 

lO.i.'ip.  m.  to  12.21  a.m. 

30.  C 

2.9704 

6.4647 

3.  4»4» 

.0010 

3. 49.5.1 

13,5.00 

1.0058 

,50 

02 

474. 58 

12.21  ».  m.  tol2..'Ma.  m. 

|3.'..f 

2  6.560 

5.2800 

2  6240 

,0040 

2.6280 

46  00 

1  (1063 

2.  .50 

04 

121  61 

12..'W8.m  to2.0i'>a.  m.. 

37  0 

2  .5641 

4.7fll.t 

2  11172 

.0062 

2  2o:m 

•284.00 

1.006,5 

3  .50 

Xi 

629.  51 

2.0>5  a.  m.  to  3Jit  a.  m. . . 

.12.0 

2  waa 

5.  2J90 

2.  ,56.57 

.0020 

2.  .5677 

177.00 

1.0063 

1.00 

.06 

457.29 

3.31  a.m.  to  4.18  a.m... 

.15.0 

■2.  .KI2.5 

4.  77.58 

2  47.13 

.0040 

2  4773 

1.19.00 

1.0066 

2.  .50 

.11 

346  51 

4.18  a.  m.  to6a.  ro 

36  0 

2.1496 

4  3460 

2.1964 

.0050 

2.2014 

315.  .14 

1.0067 

3.00 

.30 

698  54 

4.661.11 

I.«tent  heat  of  water 

vapor 

•  orrpctlon     for     feed. 

1 .  039  k:{ 

water    excreta,  and 

vessel* ... 

-   17.80 

. 

Total  heat 

5,683.14 



, 

_____ 



APPENDIX. 

Table  XI. — Heat  measurements — Continued. 


61 


"o 

0/ 

Average  temperature  of  water 
cmrent. 

Heat  pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 

t. 

ok 

Total 

Period. 

a;  -: 
>  o 

—  in 

B 

8 

o  a 

^  in 

H 
* 

©° 

■g 

heat, 
calories 

OS 

^ 

o 

^ 

Z.  ft 

o      aj 

? 

1? 

£?> 

*ts 

at  20°. 

a; 

a 

o 

3 

O 

5 

1^1 

8-^ 

SI 

< 

Co 

si 

Period  I1I6 — Cont'd. 

Subperiod£. 

°C. 

°c. 

"C. 

"C. 

"C. 

Liters. 

Cm. 

Cal. 

6  a.  m.  tol0.33a.  m.... 

m.o 

2.4933!  4.  ,5211 

2.0278 

.0.0050 

2.0328 

839.00   1.0066 

3.00 

0.80;  1,715.98 

10.33  a.  m.  to  11.34  a.m. 

31.0 

3.07871  5.7440   2.6653 

.0012 

2.6665 

106.00   1.0060 

.75 

.03       284.32 

11.34  a.m.  to  12.25  p.m. 

30  0   3.1423!  6.2508,  3. 10a5 

.0010 

3.1095 

76.00    1.0058 

..50 

.Oli      237.68 

12.2.5  p.m.  to  12.33  p.m. 

29.0 

3.22-50   6.7150   3.4900 

.0008 

3. 4908 

8.  ,50   1.0057 

.40 

i        29.84 

12.33  p.m.  to  1.47  p.m.. 

34.0 

2.7544:  .5.1600!  2.4056 

.0032 

2.4088 

190.  ,50    1.0063 

2.00 

.12i      461.  ft5 

1.47  p.  m.  to  1.54  p.  m . . 

33.0 

2.74.50:  4.9400   2.1950 

.0024 

2. 1974 

16.00    1.0063 

1.50 

35.38 

1.54  p.  m.  to  2.44  p.m.. 

29.0 

3.1108!  6.8450   3.7342 

.0008 

3.7350 

57.50    1  0057 

.40 

215.99 

2.44  p.  m.  to  6  p.  m 

33.0 

2.7171    5.4371J  2.7200 

.0024 

2.7224 

458.50   1.0062 

1.50 

.22 

1,255.74 

4,236.58 

Latent  heat  of  water 

960.73 

Correction    for    feed, 

! 

water,  excreta,  and 

1 

-82.25 

'                ■                          1 

Total  heat 

■•                         1              1                      I 

5,115.06 

;                                                  :                                            ■ 

Subperiod  3. 

\ 

6  p.  m.  to  8.07  p.  m 

33.0 

2.7809 

5.5312   2.7503 

.0024 

2. 7527 

293.00;  1.0062 

1.50 

.14 

811.40 

8.07  p.  m.  to  9.  30  p.  m  .. 

29.0 

3.2067!  7.3129!  4.1062 

.0008 

4. 1070 

95.50   1.0055 

.4C 

.01       394.36 

9.30  p.  m.  to  9.36  p.m.. 

;«.() 

2.8800 

6.1000   3.220C 

.0024 

3.2224 

11.50   1.006C 

1  5C 

!        37,28 

9.36  p.  m.  to  10.02  p.m.. 

35.0 

2.  7743 

5.3029!  2.5286 

.0040 

2.5326 

73.  .50   1.0062 

2.5C 

.06j       187.24 

10.02  p.  m.  to  1.25  a.  m. . 

37.0 

2.8249 

4.9000!  2.0751 

.0062 

2.0813 

663.00    1.006J 

3.5C 

.741  1,387.85 

1.25  a.  m.  to  2.58  a.m... 

.32.0 

3.2100 

5.9000   2.690C 

.0020 

2.6920 

178.  ,50    1.0a5C 

l.OC 

.06 

483.30 

2.58  a.  m.  to  3.14  a.m... 

.3,5.0 

3.0925 

5.4850!  2.392.5 

.0040 

2.396.5 

47.50    1.006] 

2.5C 

.04 

114.48 

3.14  a.  m.  to  3.47  a.  m. . . 

37.0 

2.8613 

5.04511  2.1838 

.0062 

2.1900 

90.00    1.006c 

3.,5C 

.10 

198. 24 

3.47  a.m.  to  5.14  a.  m... 

32.0 

2.6382 

5.3873  2.7491 

.0020 

2. 751C 

169.  .50    1.006J 

l.OC 

.05 

469. 18 

5.14  a.  m.  to  5.27  a.m... 

.30.0 

2.4400   5.9600,  3.520C 

.OOIC 

3.521C 

7.00    1.0062 

.,5C 

24.80 

5.27  a.  m.  to  5.44  a.  m . . . 

28.0 

2.7725!  7.7125!  4.940C 

.0006 

4.9406 

23.00    1.0056 

.3C 

114.27 

5.44  a.  m.  to6a.  m 

35.0 

2.03001  5.2225   3.1925 

.0040 

3.1965 

43.25    1.0065 

2.50 

.03 

139. 12 

1 

4,361.52 

Latent  heat  of  water 

1 

i 

1,002.44 

Correction     for     feed, 

water,  excreta,  and 

! 

i 

-18.8.5 

i              1 



Total  heat 

5.345.11 

== 

=— == 

1 

Subperiod  4- 

1 

6  a.  m.  to  9.04  a.  m 

37.0    1.9639 

4.1550 

2.1911 

.0062 

2. 1973 

575. 50!  1.0069 

3.50 

.64    1,272.63 

9.04  a.m.  to  9.18  a.  m  .. 

36.0:  2.170C 

4. 1975 

2.0275 

.005C 

2.0325 

40.50'  1.0068 

3.0( 

.04:         82.83 

9.18  a.  ra.  to  11.28  a.  m  . 

29. 0!  3.0169 

7. 1572 

4.14a 

.0008 

4.141] 

138.00    1.0056 

.4( 

.02:      574.65 

11.28  a.m.  to  1.43  p.m.. 

36.0,  2.6065 

4. 9512 

2. 3447 

.cm: 

2.3497 

392.50!  1.006' 

3.0( 

.37       927.79 

1.43  p.  m.  to  1.45  p.  m. . . 

29.0 

2  6600 

5.0300  2.370( 

.0008 

2.3708 

l.OOj  1.006' 

.4( 

2.38 

1.45  p.  m.  to  6p.  m. .  . . 

36.0 

2.85ol 

5.0764   2.2213 

.0050 

2.2263 

731. 50j  1.0063 

3.00 

.70l  1,638.09 

•  4,498.37 

Latent  heat  of  water 

vapor 

1.096.07 

Correction    for    feed, 

water,  excreta,  and 

1 

' 

-32. 73 

i r  ■     ■ 

1 

1 

i  5,561.71 

1 

o 


SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


A     001  120  188     6 


